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Brething And Exchange Of Gas > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

O2 is utilised by

Co2 is released during
Breathing
Commonly known as
Is for

A

Organisms to indirectly break down of nutrient molecule like glucose
And derive energy
During catabolic reactions
This process of exchange of O2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by cells
Respiration
Energy liberation

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2
Q

Mechanism of breathing vary
Animals in which respiration takes place by general body surface

A

Mainly on their habitats and levels of organisms
Protozoa
Porifera
Coelenterates
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthis
Aschel

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3
Q

Respiratory organs
Earthworm Annelida
Insect ( cockroach, silkworms)
Aquatic Arthropoda
Arachnida eg spiders

A

Moist cuticle
Trachea
Gills
Book lungs

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4
Q

Respiratory organs
Mollusca
Echinoderm
Fishes
Tadpole
Frog

A

Gills ( ctinidia )
Body surface
Gills

Lungs / skin / buccopharyngeal cavity

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5
Q

Respiratory organ
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

A

Lungs

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6
Q

______________ opening out above upper lips
It leads to , through
Nasal chamber opens into ( character )
_________ opens into ———through larynx region

A

External nostrils
Leads to nasal chamber , through nasal passage
Into pharynx which is common passage for food and air
Pharynx , into the trachea

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7
Q

Larynx is , help , hence
Epiglottis (covered by)
Fn

A

Cartilaginous box , help in sound production hence called sound box
During swallowing glottis can be covered by thin elastic cartilaginous flap
Prevent entry of food into larynx

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8
Q

False vocal cords provide
True vocal cards helpful
Trachea is straight tube extending
Which

A

Moisture to true vocal cords
In phonation
Up to the mid thoracic cavity,
Divides at level of 5 th thoracic vertebra into right and left primary bronchi

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9
Q

Secondary, tertiary bronchi formed by
Also gets formed
——supported by

A

Each bronchi undergoes repeated divisions to form
Bronchioles ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles
By incomplete cartilaginous rings
Tracheae , primary,secondary,tertiary bronchi,initial bronchioles supported by

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10
Q

Alveoli is
What gives rise to alveoli
_______ comprise the lungs

A

Very thin ,irregular walled , vascularised bag like structure
Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to a no of
The branching network of bronchi , bronchioles , and alveoli

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11
Q

Conducting part
Fn
Exchange part / respiratory system
Presence of C shaped cartilaginous rings

A

Starting with external nostrils up to terminal bronchioles
Transports air to alveoli,clears it from foreign particles,brings air to body temperature
Alveoli and their ducts
From trachea to initial bronchiole

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12
Q

Pulmonary ventilation, alveolar ventilation reason
No of lobes in right left lung
Covered by , with

A

Due to anatomical dead space 150 ml , pulmonary»» alveolar
Right = 3 lobe , left = 2 lobed
Double layered pleura with pleural fluid between them

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13
Q

Double layered pleura fn
Outer pleural membrane contract with
Inner membrane
Pressure ( intraplural/pulmonary)

A

Reduce friction on the lung surface and act as shock absorbers
With the thoracic lining
With the lung’s surface
Intraplural «< pulmonary

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14
Q

Lungs are situated in
Anatomically
Setup is such that
Such arrangements is essentially for

A

Thoracic chamber
An air - tight chamber
That any change in volume of thoracic cavity will be reflected in lung ( pulmonary cavity)
For breathing, as we cannot directly alter the pulmonary volume

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15
Q

The thoracic chamber is formed
Dorsally

A

Dorsally, vertebral column
Ventrally by sternum
Laterally by ribs
On lower side by dome shaped diaphragm

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16
Q

Mammalian lungs are
So
Structural and Functional units of lungs
Cells
I size fn
II

A

Solid and spongy without muscles
Power of self contraction and self relaxation is not present
Alveoli
Two type = pneumocytes
Pneumocytes I Smaller,help in gaseous exchange
II larger , secrete phospholipid lecithin

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17
Q

Lecithin fn in alveoli

On the outer side of alveoli ( tissue)
Total no of alveoli +nt in both the lungs

A

As a surfactant reduces the surface tension of alveoli
Keep alveoli always remain open for efficient gaseous exchange
Yellow fibrous ct
Is 300 million

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18
Q

Exchange part is the site
Atmospheric air is drawn in and co2 alveolar air given out ( process)
________ across alveolar membrane
Transport of gases by

A

Of actual diffusion of O2 and CO2 b/w blood and atmospheric air
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation
Diffusion of gases ( o2 and co2 )
By blood

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19
Q

Diaphragm structure , separate
Muscles called
Main fn
At the time of inspiration

A

Muscular structure which separate thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
Radial muscle
Principal muscle of breathing and aid in ventilation
Diaphragm contracts and becomes flattened

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20
Q

Inter coastal muscles
Types
Ghan average, a healthy human breathes
Time inspiration
Expiration

A

Space b/w two pair of ribs ( muscles)
External intercoastal muscles ( EICM)
Internal icm
12 - 16 times / minute
2 sec
3 sec

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21
Q

Inspiration in which
Expiration in which
Movement of air is carried by
Energy process inspiration
Expiration

A

Atmospheric air is drawn in
Alveolar air is released out
By creating a pressure gradient b/w lungs and atmosphere
Active process
Passive process

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22
Q

Inspiration pressure comparetion
Expiration
Inspiration is initiated by

A

Atmospheric pressure&raquo_space;> intra pulmonary pressure ( negative pressure +nt in lungs )
Intra pulmonary pressure&raquo_space;> atmospheric pressure
Contraction of diaphragm which increases volume of thoracic chamber in antero - posterior axis

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23
Q

Contraction ______ ( not diaphragm) in inspiration
Causing
⬆️⬆️ similar
Pressure

A

Of EICM lifts up the rib. And sternum
Increase in volume of thoracic chamber in dorso ventral axis
Increase in pulmonary volume
As increase in pulmonary volume decreases the intra pulmonary pressure

24
Q

Expiration
Dia phrogm, _____ muscle return the,
Volume
Pressure
Ability with help additional muscles in abdomen

A

Relaxation, inter costal muscle return the diaphragm and sternum to their normal position
Reduce thoracic volume
Increase, intro pulmonary »» atmosphere pressure
To increase the strength of inspiration and expiration

25
Tidal volume Amount , whole air Healthy man can inspire / expire Inspiratory reserve volume Value
Amount of air inspired / expired during normal respiration 500ml , doesn't reach up to lungs 6000 to 8000 me of air per minute Can inspire by forcible inspiration on over tidal volume 2500 to 3000 ml
26
Expiratory reserve volume Value Residual value Value
Expired over tidal volume bg most forceful expiration 1000-1100 ml Air that remains inside lungs often forceful expiration Can not be given out of lungs 1100-1200 ml
27
Inspiratoty capacity Sum Expiratory capacity
Total volume of air aperson can inspire after a normal expiration IRV+TV=3000+500=3500 Total volume a person can expire after a normal inspiration T.V+ERV= 1600ml
28
Functional residual capacity (FRC) Sum Vital capacity Sum
Normally remain inside lungs after normal expiration ERV+ RV= 2200 to 2500ml Expirated air by most forceful expiration after a deepest inspiration IRV+ERV+TV = 4300 to 4800
29
Total lung capacity Sum
Total volume of air that can accommodate in lungs at end of forceful inspiration IRV+TV+ERV+RV=6000 ml
30
Primary site for exchange of gas Also occur Is done b/w Activity Done by
Alveoli B/w blood and tissue Alveolar air and deoxygenated blood Passive Simple diffusion
31
Partial pressure O2 and Co2in atmospheric air Alveoli Deoxygenated blood Tissue Oxygenated blood
Diffusion pressures for every gas ( in blood or in air) 159,0.3 104,40 40,45 95,40
32
carrying oxygenated blood from alveoli to heart -\-\-\-\|\- in heart Side
Pulmonary veins Systematic arteries Left side
33
Carrying deoxygenated blood from heart to alveoli In heart Side
Pulmonary artery Systemic veins Right
34
Diffusing capacity depends on Co2 O2 diffuse comparison Times solubility
Solubility of gas, thickness of respiratory membrane,partial pressure difference CO2 >>>> O2 diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure Solubility of CO2 is 20-25 times higher than that of O2
35
Diffusion membrane 3 layers
Thin squamous epi of alveoli Endothelium of blood capillaries Basement substance in b/w them
36
Gaseous exchange takes place at alveoli on respiratory surfaces because ____________ medium of transport for O2 and Co2
Of rich supply of capillaries at alveoli Of large surface of alveoli Of very thin respiratory membrane ( appr less than 1 mm) Blood
37
O2 transport by RBC (%) Plasma CO2 transport by RBC 70% of it carried it as Plasma
97% 3 % 20-25% Bicarbonate 7%
38
O2 bind with ( manner , form ) Reaction Haemoglobin is a Hb made up of ,each unit has Each Hb molecule can
Hb In a reversible manner to form oxyhaemoglobin Hb4 + O2 →( reversible) Hb4O8 Red coloured iron containing pigment present in RBC 4 units , 1 Fe in +2 states Can carry a maximum of 4 molecules of oxygen
39
1 gm of Hb transports 100ml ( 1dl) blood contains normally 100 ml blood transport Oxygen doesn’t ________ Hb
1.34 ml of o2 15 gm of Hb Approximately 20 ml of oxygen Oxidise
40
In a _________ cycle blood gives its ____ O2 to tissue Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver ( tissue) Binding of oxygen is primarily related to
Conducting cycle,25% 5 ml of O2 to tissue under normal physiological conditions Partial pressure of 02
41
Binding of oxygen is primarily related to Other factors
Partial pressure of 02 PCO2 hydrogen ions concentration Temperature
42
Oxyhemoglobin reaches up to tissue it O2 freed from it In place of it Internal respiration Also done by
Dissociates Goes into tissue fluid from blood Co2 from tissue fluid comes into blood Gaseous exchange b/w blood and tissue Simple diffusions
43
Oxygen dissociation curve Dissociation curve is Useful in studying
A graph is plotted b/w O2 concentration and percentage saturation of Hb witH this curve Sigmoid shape Factors like H+ concentration Temperature on binding of O2 with Hb
44
Shift to left means Shift to right means Oxygen dissociation curve x axis Y axis
Increase in affinity b/w O2 and Hb Decrease in affinity b/w O2 and Hb and dissociation of oxyhemoglobin Partial pressure of o2 ( mm hg) Percentage saturation of Hb with o2
45
In tissue favourable conditions for dissociation of o2 from oxyhemoglobin
Low Po2 High PCO2 High h+ concentration Low ph Higher temperatures
46
In alveoli factors favourable for formation of oxyhemoglobin
High PO2 Low PCO2 Lesser H+ concentration Lower temperature High ph
47
P 50 value Higher P50 A rise in PCO2 H+ Bohr effect During heavy exercise 100 ml
Hb is 50% saturated with O2 Lower is affinity of Hb for o2 Increases the value of P50 Dissociation of oxyhemoglobin due to high Co2 concentration in tissues 100 ml blood delivered 15 ml O2 to muscle
48
2,3 BPG( full form, substance Î 2,3 BPG will cause The sigmoid curve is because Î reason will increase
2,3 bisphosphoglycreate , a substance formed during glycolysis Dissociation of oxyhemoglobin Of binding of O2 to Hb The affinity for second molecule of O2 to bind attract more oxygen
49
Some air always remain in lungs which can never be ( reason ) Methemoglobin Transport of co2 3 ways
Expelled because there is a negative intra plural pressure pulling at lungs wall Oxidised Hb Dissolved = plasma 7% Carbominohaemoglobin = 20-25 % In form of bicarbonate =70% by plasma as bicarbonate
50
As carbamino haemoglobin Carbonic acid formation This reaction catalysed by ______ contains very high concentration of this enzyme And minute quantity in
20-25% react with amino group of Hb and formed carbamino Hb and transport by Hb CO2 produced by tissue diffuses into RBC where it reacts with water to form (H2CO3] Enzyme carbonic anhydrase RBC Plasma
51
The majority of bicarbonate ions HCO3 formed within erythrocytes In —— HCO -3 combine with ,to form Chloride shift / hamburger effect Thus ______ is maintained
Diffuse out into the plasma along a concentration gradient In plasma , with Na + to form sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) In response to HCO3 chloride ions diffuse from plasma into erythrocytes to maintain ionic balance Electrochemical neutrality
52
When deoxygenated blood reaches the alveoli of lung, then ___ ( reason ) This dissociation stimulated by , freed Co2 from blood goes to Effect ( name , definition) Strong acid is , i.e
Carbaminohb , sodium bicarbonate dissociated cause PCO2 is low and PO2 is high in alveoli By oxyhaemoglobin ,to atmosphere Haldane effect = effect of oxyhaemoglobin on dissociation of these compounds Oxyhaemoglobin, frees H+ in medium
53
What is done by neural system Respiratory rhythm centre ( primary responsible for this regulation Pneumotaxic centre _____ signal from centre can ____ the ,,,,,, there by
Maintain and moderate respiratory rhythm to suit the demands of body tissues A specialised centre +nt in medulla region. Another centre +nt in pons region of brain Neural,reduce,the duration of inspiration, alter the respiratory rate
54
Chemosensitive area Increase in these substances can Signal the rhythm centre are The role of 100ml deoxygenated blood delivers
Situated adjacent to rhythm centre highly sensitive to CO2 and H ions Activate this centre ↑, Resceptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery also recognise changes in CO2 and H+ ions Of oxygen in regulation of respiratory rhythm is quite insignificant Around 4 ml CO2 to alveoli
55
Asthma is Chronic disease Major cause î Inflammation of nasal tract
Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles Emphysema , alveolar walls damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased Cigarette smoking Rhinitis
56
Bronchitis Characterised by Occupational respiratory disorder industries Long exposure can give rise to
Disorder of bronchi in which there is regular swelling and itching of bronchi By regular coughing Grinding or stone breaking Inflammation leading to fibrosis ( proliferation of fibrosis tissue
57
Tissue favourable for Alveoli favourable for 20-25% co2 react with
For dissociation of oxyhemoglobin For formation of oxyhemoglobin Amine group of hb

Brething And Exchange Of Gas (1 decks)

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