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Brething And Exchange Of Gas > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

O2 is utilised by

Co2 is released during
Breathing
Commonly known as
Is for

A

Organisms to indirectly break down of nutrient molecule like glucose
And derive energy
During catabolic reactions
This process of exchange of O2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by cells
Respiration
Energy liberation

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2
Q

Mechanism of breathing vary
Animals in which respiration takes place by general body surface

A

Mainly on their habitats and levels of organisms
Protozoa
Porifera
Coelenterates
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthis
Aschel

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3
Q

Respiratory organs
Earthworm Annelida
Insect ( cockroach, silkworms)
Aquatic Arthropoda
Arachnida eg spiders

A

Moist cuticle
Trachea
Gills
Book lungs

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4
Q

Respiratory organs
Mollusca
Echinoderm
Fishes
Tadpole
Frog

A

Gills ( ctinidia )
Body surface
Gills

Lungs / skin / buccopharyngeal cavity

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5
Q

Respiratory organ
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

A

Lungs

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6
Q

______________ opening out above upper lips
It leads to , through
Nasal chamber opens into ( character )
_________ opens into ———through larynx region

A

External nostrils
Leads to nasal chamber , through nasal passage
Into pharynx which is common passage for food and air
Pharynx , into the trachea

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7
Q

Larynx is , help , hence
Epiglottis (covered by)
Fn

A

Cartilaginous box , help in sound production hence called sound box
During swallowing glottis can be covered by thin elastic cartilaginous flap
Prevent entry of food into larynx

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8
Q

False vocal cords provide
True vocal cards helpful
Trachea is straight tube extending
Which

A

Moisture to true vocal cords
In phonation
Up to the mid thoracic cavity,
Divides at level of 5 th thoracic vertebra into right and left primary bronchi

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9
Q

Secondary, tertiary bronchi formed by
Also gets formed
——supported by

A

Each bronchi undergoes repeated divisions to form
Bronchioles ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles
By incomplete cartilaginous rings
Tracheae , primary,secondary,tertiary bronchi,initial bronchioles supported by

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10
Q

Alveoli is
What gives rise to alveoli
_______ comprise the lungs

A

Very thin ,irregular walled , vascularised bag like structure
Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to a no of
The branching network of bronchi , bronchioles , and alveoli

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11
Q

Conducting part
Fn
Exchange part / respiratory system
Presence of C shaped cartilaginous rings

A

Starting with external nostrils up to terminal bronchioles
Transports air to alveoli,clears it from foreign particles,brings air to body temperature
Alveoli and their ducts
From trachea to initial bronchiole

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12
Q

Pulmonary ventilation, alveolar ventilation reason
No of lobes in right left lung
Covered by , with

A

Due to anatomical dead space 150 ml , pulmonary»» alveolar
Right = 3 lobe , left = 2 lobed
Double layered pleura with pleural fluid between them

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13
Q

Double layered pleura fn
Outer pleural membrane contract with
Inner membrane
Pressure ( intraplural/pulmonary)

A

Reduce friction on the lung surface and act as shock absorbers
With the thoracic lining
With the lung’s surface
Intraplural «< pulmonary

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14
Q

Lungs are situated in
Anatomically
Setup is such that
Such arrangements is essentially for

A

Thoracic chamber
An air - tight chamber
That any change in volume of thoracic cavity will be reflected in lung ( pulmonary cavity)
For breathing, as we cannot directly alter the pulmonary volume

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15
Q

The thoracic chamber is formed
Dorsally

A

Dorsally, vertebral column
Ventrally by sternum
Laterally by ribs
On lower side by dome shaped diaphragm

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16
Q

Mammalian lungs are
So
Structural and Functional units of lungs
Cells
I size fn
II

A

Solid and spongy without muscles
Power of self contraction and self relaxation is not present
Alveoli
Two type = pneumocytes
Pneumocytes I Smaller,help in gaseous exchange
II larger , secrete phospholipid lecithin

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17
Q

Lecithin fn in alveoli

On the outer side of alveoli ( tissue)
Total no of alveoli +nt in both the lungs

A

As a surfactant reduces the surface tension of alveoli
Keep alveoli always remain open for efficient gaseous exchange
Yellow fibrous ct
Is 300 million

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18
Q

Exchange part is the site
Atmospheric air is drawn in and co2 alveolar air given out ( process)
________ across alveolar membrane
Transport of gases by

A

Of actual diffusion of O2 and CO2 b/w blood and atmospheric air
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation
Diffusion of gases ( o2 and co2 )
By blood

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19
Q

Diaphragm structure , separate
Muscles called
Main fn
At the time of inspiration

A

Muscular structure which separate thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
Radial muscle
Principal muscle of breathing and aid in ventilation
Diaphragm contracts and becomes flattened

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20
Q

Inter coastal muscles
Types
Ghan average, a healthy human breathes
Time inspiration
Expiration

A

Space b/w two pair of ribs ( muscles)
External intercoastal muscles ( EICM)
Internal icm
12 - 16 times / minute
2 sec
3 sec

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21
Q

Inspiration in which
Expiration in which
Movement of air is carried by
Energy process inspiration
Expiration

A

Atmospheric air is drawn in
Alveolar air is released out
By creating a pressure gradient b/w lungs and atmosphere
Active process
Passive process

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22
Q

Inspiration pressure comparetion
Expiration
Inspiration is initiated by

A

Atmospheric pressure&raquo_space;> intra pulmonary pressure ( negative pressure +nt in lungs )
Intra pulmonary pressure&raquo_space;> atmospheric pressure
Contraction of diaphragm which increases volume of thoracic chamber in antero - posterior axis

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23
Q

Contraction ______ ( not diaphragm) in inspiration
Causing
⬆️⬆️ similar
Pressure

A

Of EICM lifts up the rib. And sternum
Increase in volume of thoracic chamber in dorso ventral axis
Increase in pulmonary volume
As increase in pulmonary volume decreases the intra pulmonary pressure

24
Q

Expiration
Dia phrogm, _____ muscle return the,
Volume
Pressure
Ability with help additional muscles in abdomen

A

Relaxation, inter costal muscle return the diaphragm and sternum to their normal position
Reduce thoracic volume
Increase, intro pulmonary »» atmosphere pressure
To increase the strength of inspiration and expiration

25
Q

Tidal volume
Amount , whole air
Healthy man can inspire / expire
Inspiratory reserve volume
Value

A

Amount of air inspired / expired during normal respiration
500ml , doesn’t reach up to lungs
6000 to 8000 me of air per minute
Can inspire by forcible inspiration on over tidal volume
2500 to 3000 ml

26
Q

Expiratory reserve volume
Value
Residual value

Value

A

Expired over tidal volume bg most forceful expiration
1000-1100 ml
Air that remains inside lungs often forceful expiration
Can not be given out of lungs
1100-1200 ml

27
Q

Inspiratoty capacity
Sum
Expiratory capacity

A

Total volume of air aperson can inspire after a normal expiration
IRV+TV=3000+500=3500
Total volume a person can expire after a normal inspiration
T.V+ERV= 1600ml

28
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Sum
Vital capacity
Sum

A

Normally remain inside lungs after normal expiration
ERV+ RV= 2200 to 2500ml
Expirated air by most forceful expiration after a deepest inspiration
IRV+ERV+TV = 4300 to 4800

29
Q

Total lung capacity
Sum

A

Total volume of air that can accommodate in lungs at end of forceful inspiration
IRV+TV+ERV+RV=6000 ml

30
Q

Primary site for exchange of gas
Also occur
Is done b/w
Activity
Done by

A

Alveoli
B/w blood and tissue
Alveolar air and deoxygenated blood
Passive
Simple diffusion

31
Q

Partial pressure
O2 and Co2in atmospheric air
Alveoli
Deoxygenated blood
Tissue
Oxygenated blood

A

Diffusion pressures for every gas ( in blood or in air)
159,0.3
104,40
40,45

95,40

32
Q

carrying oxygenated blood from alveoli to heart
----|- in heart
Side

A

Pulmonary veins
Systematic arteries
Left side

33
Q

Carrying deoxygenated blood from heart to alveoli
In heart
Side

A

Pulmonary artery
Systemic veins
Right

34
Q

Diffusing capacity depends on
Co2 O2 diffuse comparison
Times solubility

A

Solubility of gas, thickness of respiratory membrane,partial pressure difference
CO2&raquo_space;» O2 diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure
Solubility of CO2 is 20-25 times higher than that of O2

35
Q

Diffusion membrane 3 layers

A

Thin squamous epi of alveoli
Endothelium of blood capillaries
Basement substance in b/w them

36
Q

Gaseous exchange takes place at alveoli on respiratory surfaces because

____________ medium of transport for O2 and Co2

A

Of rich supply of capillaries at alveoli
Of large surface of alveoli
Of very thin respiratory membrane ( appr less than 1 mm)
Blood

37
Q

O2 transport by RBC (%)
Plasma
CO2 transport by RBC
70% of it carried it as
Plasma

A

97%
3 %
20-25%
Bicarbonate
7%

38
Q

O2 bind with ( manner , form )
Reaction
Haemoglobin is a
Hb made up of ,each unit has
Each Hb molecule can

A

Hb In a reversible manner to form oxyhaemoglobin
Hb4 + O2 →( reversible) Hb4O8
Red coloured iron containing pigment present in RBC
4 units , 1 Fe in +2 states
Can carry a maximum of 4 molecules of oxygen

39
Q

1 gm of Hb transports
100ml ( 1dl) blood contains normally
100 ml blood transport
Oxygen doesn’t ________ Hb

A

1.34 ml of o2
15 gm of Hb
Approximately 20 ml of oxygen
Oxidise

40
Q

In a _________ cycle blood gives its ____ O2 to tissue
Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver ( tissue)
Binding of oxygen is primarily related to

A

Conducting cycle,25%
5 ml of O2 to tissue under normal physiological conditions
Partial pressure of 02

41
Q

Binding of oxygen is primarily related to
Other factors

A

Partial pressure of 02
PCO2
hydrogen ions concentration
Temperature

42
Q

Oxyhemoglobin reaches up to tissue it
O2 freed from it
In place of it
Internal respiration
Also done by

A

Dissociates
Goes into tissue fluid from blood
Co2 from tissue fluid comes into blood
Gaseous exchange b/w blood and tissue
Simple diffusions

43
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve
Dissociation curve is
Useful in studying

A

A graph is plotted b/w O2 concentration and percentage saturation of Hb witH this curve
Sigmoid shape
Factors like H+ concentration
Temperature on binding of O2 with Hb

44
Q

Shift to left means
Shift to right means
Oxygen dissociation curve x axis
Y axis

A

Increase in affinity b/w O2 and Hb
Decrease in affinity b/w O2 and Hb and dissociation of oxyhemoglobin
Partial pressure of o2 ( mm hg)
Percentage saturation of Hb with o2

45
Q

In tissue favourable conditions for dissociation of o2 from oxyhemoglobin

A

Low Po2
High PCO2
High h+ concentration
Low ph
Higher temperatures

46
Q

In alveoli factors favourable for formation of oxyhemoglobin

A

High PO2
Low PCO2
Lesser H+ concentration
Lower temperature
High ph

47
Q

P 50 value
Higher P50
A rise in PCO2 H+
Bohr effect
During heavy exercise 100 ml

A

Hb is 50% saturated with O2
Lower is affinity of Hb for o2
Increases the value of P50
Dissociation of oxyhemoglobin due to high Co2 concentration in tissues
100 ml blood delivered 15 ml O2 to muscle

48
Q

2,3 BPG( full form, substance
Î 2,3 BPG will cause
The sigmoid curve is because
Î reason will increase

A

2,3 bisphosphoglycreate , a substance formed during glycolysis
Dissociation of oxyhemoglobin
Of binding of O2 to Hb
The affinity for second molecule of O2 to bind attract more oxygen

49
Q

Some air always remain in lungs which can never be ( reason )
Methemoglobin
Transport of co2 3 ways

A

Expelled because there is a negative intra plural pressure pulling at lungs wall
Oxidised Hb
Dissolved = plasma 7%
Carbominohaemoglobin = 20-25 %
In form of bicarbonate =70% by plasma as bicarbonate

50
Q

As carbamino haemoglobin
Carbonic acid formation
This reaction catalysed by
______ contains very high concentration of this enzyme
And minute quantity in

A

20-25% react with amino group of Hb and formed carbamino Hb and transport by Hb
CO2 produced by tissue diffuses into RBC where it reacts with water to form (H2CO3]
Enzyme carbonic anhydrase
RBC
Plasma

51
Q

The majority of bicarbonate ions HCO3 formed within erythrocytes
In —— HCO -3 combine with ,to form
Chloride shift / hamburger effect
Thus ______ is maintained

A

Diffuse out into the plasma along a concentration gradient
In plasma , with Na + to form sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
In response to HCO3 chloride ions diffuse from plasma into erythrocytes to maintain ionic balance
Electrochemical neutrality

52
Q

When deoxygenated blood reaches the alveoli of lung, then ___ ( reason )
This dissociation stimulated by , freed Co2 from blood goes to
Effect ( name , definition)
Strong acid is , i.e

A

Carbaminohb , sodium bicarbonate dissociated cause PCO2 is low and PO2 is high in alveoli
By oxyhaemoglobin ,to atmosphere
Haldane effect = effect of oxyhaemoglobin on dissociation of these compounds
Oxyhaemoglobin, frees H+ in medium

53
Q

What is done by neural system
Respiratory rhythm centre ( primary responsible for this regulation
Pneumotaxic centre
_____ signal from centre can ____ the ,,,,,, there by

A

Maintain and moderate respiratory rhythm to suit the demands of body tissues
A specialised centre +nt in medulla region.
Another centre +nt in pons region of brain
Neural,reduce,the duration of inspiration, alter the respiratory rate

54
Q

Chemosensitive area
Increase in these substances can
Signal the rhythm centre are
The role of
100ml deoxygenated blood delivers

A

Situated adjacent to rhythm centre highly sensitive to CO2 and H ions
Activate this centre
↑,
Resceptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery also recognise changes in CO2 and H+ ions
Of oxygen in regulation of respiratory rhythm is quite insignificant
Around 4 ml CO2 to alveoli

55
Q

Asthma is
Chronic disease
Major cause î
Inflammation of nasal tract

A

Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
Emphysema , alveolar walls damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased
Cigarette smoking
Rhinitis

56
Q

Bronchitis
Characterised by
Occupational respiratory disorder industries
Long exposure can give rise to

A

Disorder of bronchi in which there is regular swelling and itching of bronchi
By regular coughing
Grinding or stone breaking
Inflammation leading to fibrosis ( proliferation of fibrosis tissue

57
Q

Tissue favourable for
Alveoli favourable for
20-25% co2 react with

A

For dissociation of oxyhemoglobin
For formation of oxyhemoglobin
Amine group of hb

Brething And Exchange Of Gas (1 decks)

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