respiration Flashcards
mitochondria in muscles contain many mitochondria. Explain the advantage of this.
- larger SA for ETC/oxidative phosphorylation
- provides more ATP for muscle contraction
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
where does the link reaction take place
matrix
where does the krebbs cycle take place
matrix
where does the electron transport chain take place
mitochondrial membrane
substrate-level phosphorylation
- ATP generated directly through energy released via respiration reactions
- occurs in glycolysis and krebbs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
- ATP generated when chemical energy released from NADH2/FADH2 has been oxidised in the ETC
glycolysis
glucose —> phosphorylated glucose —> 2 x triose phosphate —> 2 x pyruvate
glycolysis net gain
- 2 net gain of ATP
- 2 net gain of NADH
- 2 net gain of pyruvate
link reaction
2 x pyruvate + coenzyme A + NAD —> 2 x acetyl coenzyme + CO2 + NADH2
describe how oxidation takes place in the link reaction and krebs cycle
- removal of hydrogen/dehydrogenation
- by enzymes/dehydrogenase
- H accepted by NAD
- in krebs FAD as well
link reaction net gain (per glucose)
- 2 net gain CO2
- 2 net gain acetyl coenzyme A
- 2 net gain NADH
Krebs cycle net gain (per glucose)
- 4 net gain CO2
- 2 net gain ATP
- 6 net gain NADH
- 2 net gain FADH
water is a waste product of aerobic respiration. describe how water is formed at the end of aerobic respiration.
- oxygen is the final electron acceptor
- combined with electrons and protons to form water
describe the roles of coenzymes and carrier proteins in ATP synthesis
3 marks
- NADH
- electrons transferred from carrier to carrier/redox reactions
- energy released as electrons passed along
- energy used to synthesis ADP + Pi —> ATP
- H+ ions pumped into inter membrane space
- H+ protons diffuse back through ATP synthase
Describe how ATP in made in the mitochondria
6 marks
- substrate level phosphorylation in krebs cycle
- reduced NAD/reduced FAD produced in Krebs cycle
- reduced NAD/reduced FAD releases electrons
- electrons passed through ETC through series of redox reactions
- energy released as electrons passed down
- protons pumped into inter membrane space
- H+ flow back through ATP synthase
- energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP + Pi
Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation
- reduced NAD/FAD
- ETC on inner membrane/cristae
- electrons move through carrier to carrier
- energy released
- protons pumped into inter membrane space
- H+ ions pumped back through ATP synthase
- energy used to synthesise ADP + Pi —> ATP
Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation
- reduced NAD/FAD
- ETC on inner membrane/cristae
- electrons move through carrier to carrier
- energy released
- protons pumped into inter membrane space
- H+ ions pumped back through ATP synthase
- energy used to synthesise ADP + Pi —> ATP
Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation
- reduced NAD/FAD
- ETC on inner membrane/cristae
- electrons move through carrier to carrier
- energy released
- protons pumped into inter membrane space
- H+ ions pumped back through ATP synthase
- energy used to synthesise ADP + Pi —> ATP
Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation
- reduced NAD/FAD
- ETC on inner membrane/cristae
- electrons move through carrier to carrier
- energy released
- protons pumped into inter membrane space
- H+ ions pumped back through ATP synthase
- energy used to synthesise ADP + Pi —> ATP
Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation
- reduced NAD/FAD
- ETC on inner membrane/cristae
- electrons move through carrier to carrier
- energy released
- protons pumped into inter membrane space
- H+ ions pumped back through ATP synthase
- energy used to synthesise ADP + Pi —> ATP
respiratory alternatives
lipids
- hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids
- glycerol phosphorylated then converted into TP
fatty acids
- broken down into 2C fragments and converted into acetyl co A
- oxidation of fatty acids produce hydrogen atoms to reduce NAD/FAD
for oxidative phosphorylation
proteins
- hydrolysed into amino acids
- NH2 groups removed
- enter respiration at different stages e.g. 3C compound = pyruvate in link reaction
- 4C/5C = Krebs cycle intermediates
anaerobic respiration
- only glycolysis takes place
- NAD regenerated
- H from NADH accepted by pyruvate
- pyruvate reduced to lactate in animals/ethanol and CO2 in plants
explain how the amount of ATP is increased by reactions inside a mitochondrion.
- oxidation of/removal of H+
- into pyruvate
- substrate level production of ATP
- reduced NAD/FAD produced
- in matrix of mitochondria
- electrons fed into ETC
- on cristae/inner membrane
- linked to ATP production
- ATP synthase
- electrons lose energy as passed along chain
- arranged order of decreasing levels
many yeast cells die during death phase. suggest why
no glucose
