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AQA - A level Biology > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

mitochondria in muscles contain many mitochondria. Explain the advantage of this.

A
  • larger SA for ETC/oxidative phosphorylation
  • provides more ATP for muscle contraction
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2
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

where does the link reaction take place

A

matrix

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4
Q

where does the krebbs cycle take place

A

matrix

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5
Q

where does the electron transport chain take place

A

mitochondrial membrane

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6
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A
  • ATP generated directly through energy released via respiration reactions
  • occurs in glycolysis and krebbs cycle
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7
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • ATP generated when chemical energy released from NADH2/FADH2 has been oxidised in the ETC
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8
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose —> phosphorylated glucose —> 2 x triose phosphate —> 2 x pyruvate

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9
Q

glycolysis net gain

A
  • 2 net gain of ATP
  • 2 net gain of NADH
  • 2 net gain of pyruvate
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10
Q

link reaction

A

2 x pyruvate + coenzyme A + NAD —> 2 x acetyl coenzyme + CO2 + NADH2

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11
Q

describe how oxidation takes place in the link reaction and krebs cycle

A
  • removal of hydrogen/dehydrogenation
  • by enzymes/dehydrogenase
  • H accepted by NAD
  • in krebs FAD as well
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12
Q

link reaction net gain (per glucose)

A
  • 2 net gain CO2
  • 2 net gain acetyl coenzyme A
  • 2 net gain NADH
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13
Q

Krebs cycle net gain (per glucose)

A
  • 4 net gain CO2
  • 2 net gain ATP
  • 6 net gain NADH
  • 2 net gain FADH
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14
Q

water is a waste product of aerobic respiration. describe how water is formed at the end of aerobic respiration.

A
  • oxygen is the final electron acceptor
  • combined with electrons and protons to form water
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15
Q

describe the roles of coenzymes and carrier proteins in ATP synthesis
3 marks

A
  • NADH
  • electrons transferred from carrier to carrier/redox reactions
  • energy released as electrons passed along
  • energy used to synthesis ADP + Pi —> ATP
  • H+ ions pumped into inter membrane space
  • H+ protons diffuse back through ATP synthase
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16
Q

Describe how ATP in made in the mitochondria
6 marks

A
  • substrate level phosphorylation in krebs cycle
  • reduced NAD/reduced FAD produced in Krebs cycle
  • reduced NAD/reduced FAD releases electrons
  • electrons passed through ETC through series of redox reactions
  • energy released as electrons passed down
  • protons pumped into inter membrane space
  • H+ flow back through ATP synthase
  • energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP + Pi
17
Q

Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • reduced NAD/FAD
  • ETC on inner membrane/cristae
  • electrons move through carrier to carrier
  • energy released
  • protons pumped into inter membrane space
  • H+ ions pumped back through ATP synthase
  • energy used to synthesise ADP + Pi —> ATP
17
Q

Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • reduced NAD/FAD
  • ETC on inner membrane/cristae
  • electrons move through carrier to carrier
  • energy released
  • protons pumped into inter membrane space
  • H+ ions pumped back through ATP synthase
  • energy used to synthesise ADP + Pi —> ATP
17
Q

Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • reduced NAD/FAD
  • ETC on inner membrane/cristae
  • electrons move through carrier to carrier
  • energy released
  • protons pumped into inter membrane space
  • H+ ions pumped back through ATP synthase
  • energy used to synthesise ADP + Pi —> ATP
17
Q

Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • reduced NAD/FAD
  • ETC on inner membrane/cristae
  • electrons move through carrier to carrier
  • energy released
  • protons pumped into inter membrane space
  • H+ ions pumped back through ATP synthase
  • energy used to synthesise ADP + Pi —> ATP
18
Q

Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • reduced NAD/FAD
  • ETC on inner membrane/cristae
  • electrons move through carrier to carrier
  • energy released
  • protons pumped into inter membrane space
  • H+ ions pumped back through ATP synthase
  • energy used to synthesise ADP + Pi —> ATP
19
Q

respiratory alternatives

A

lipids
- hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids
- glycerol phosphorylated then converted into TP

fatty acids
- broken down into 2C fragments and converted into acetyl co A
- oxidation of fatty acids produce hydrogen atoms to reduce NAD/FAD
for oxidative phosphorylation

proteins
- hydrolysed into amino acids
- NH2 groups removed
- enter respiration at different stages e.g. 3C compound = pyruvate in link reaction
- 4C/5C = Krebs cycle intermediates

20
Q

anaerobic respiration

A
  • only glycolysis takes place
  • NAD regenerated
  • H from NADH accepted by pyruvate
  • pyruvate reduced to lactate in animals/ethanol and CO2 in plants
21
Q

explain how the amount of ATP is increased by reactions inside a mitochondrion.

A
  • oxidation of/removal of H+
  • into pyruvate
  • substrate level production of ATP
  • reduced NAD/FAD produced
  • in matrix of mitochondria
  • electrons fed into ETC
  • on cristae/inner membrane
  • linked to ATP production
  • ATP synthase
  • electrons lose energy as passed along chain
  • arranged order of decreasing levels
22
Q

many yeast cells die during death phase. suggest why

A

no glucose

AQA - A level Biology (7 decks)

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