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5. Energy And Ecosystems > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Role of respiration

A

Production of ATP

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of respiration and differences

A

Aerobic respiration-
- requires oxygen
- generates many ATP molecules
- 4 stages
- takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondria

Anaerobic respiration
- no oxygen
- only involves gycolysis
- generate small amount of ATP
- happens in cytoplasm

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3
Q

Why can glycolysis take place in both aerobic and anaerobic?

A

Does not require oxygen

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4
Q

Site of gycolysis

A

Cytoplasm/ stroma

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5
Q

How many ATP used in glycolysis

A

2

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6
Q

What is ATP used for in glycolysis

A

Activate glucose / make glucose more reactive
= Substrate level Phosphorylation

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7
Q

How many ATP generated in glycolysis

A

4

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8
Q

How many NADH produced in glycolysis

A

2

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9
Q

What happened after glycolysis in anaerobic respiration for animals

A

Pyruvate - converted to lactate

Via addition of hydrogen from NADH

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10
Q

What happens to lactate after anaerobic respiration

A

When oxygen is available :
- lactate converted back to pyruvate
- or converted to glycogen in liver

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11
Q

What happens after glycolysis in anaerobic respiration for yeast cells
- does a enzyme catalyses this

A

Pyruvate - converted to ethanol + co2

Reduced NAD (NADH) is oxidised to NAD
- yes

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12
Q

Net gain of ATP in anaerobic respiration from 1 glucose

A

2

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13
Q

4 stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis , link reaction , kerbs cycle , electron transport chain

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14
Q

Role of krebs cycle

A

Generate reduced NAD and reduced FAD (NADH , FADH)

  • used to transfer electrons and H atoms to electron transport chain
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15
Q

What other substances can be used in Krebs cycle to produce reduced coenzymes

A

Amino acids and fatty acids

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16
Q

How many molecules of ATP , NADH, FADH, co2 produced from 1 Pyruvate in krebs

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH
2 CO2

Each glucose = 2 pyruvate = 2 acetyl Coenzyme A = so per glucose molecule double numbers seen above

17
Q

Site of Krebs cycle

A

Mitochondrial matrix

18
Q

Site of electron transport chain

A

Across inner mitochondrial membrane

19
Q

What happens to electrons as they pass down Electron transport chain

A

Electrons passed from electron carrier to electron carrier
As they pass along chain they lose energy

20
Q

What happens to electrons at the end of electron transport chain

A

Form water with hydrogen Ions.

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor

21
Q

How is ATP generated from electron transport chain

A

Energy lost from chain actively transports protons through inner mitochondrial membrane
( chemiosmosis )

22
Q

Definition of chemiosmosis

A

Diffusion of ions through partially permeable membrane ( ATP synthase channels)

Produces ATP

23
Q

Why is oxygen called final electron acceptor

A

Final substance that accepts electrons
As they finish passing through electron transport chain

24
Q

What happenes in glycolysis (1)

A

Glucose - Pyruvate

25
Q

Differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

In aerobic:
- water produced
- more ATP produced
- glucose is fully broken down
- there are more steps after glycolysis

26
Q

Equation of respiration

A

Oxygen + glucose — carbon dioxide + water

27
Q

What is the first step in glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation by ATP
Then oxidation of Triose Phosphate to Pyruvate
(of glucose eventually producing Pyruvate)
Phosphorylation “Activates” the glucose making it more reactive/unstable

28
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

Cytoplasm/ stroma of mitochondria

29
Q

What happens in link reaction

A

Pyruvate actively transported into matrix of mitochondria from cytoplasm/ stroma ( glycolysis)

Decarboxylation + dehydrogenation of pyruvate — acetate

Acetate + Coenzyme A = acetyl coenzyme A (for Krebs)

30
Q

Overview of link reaction

A

Pyruvate — acetyl coenzyme A ( for Krebs)
In matrix of mitochondria

Side products - CO2 + NADH

31
Q

Overview of Krebs cycle

A
  • produces 2 coenzymes : NADH + FADH
  • acetyl coenzyme A is regenerated for links reaction again
32
Q

Overview of Oxidative phosphorylation

A

-NADH + FADH (from Krebs) are oxidised by electron carrier protein releasing = 2 protons (H) + 2 electrons
( inner mitochondrial membrane)

  • electrons transferred to electron transport chain
  • as electrons travel down ETC they lose energy= protons from ^ pumped into inter membrane space ( between inner + outer membrane)
  • creates proton gradient
  • protons diffuse down through ATP synthase channel/enzyme = release energy
  • energy released converts ADP + P = ATP ( chemiosmosis)
  • after electrons have reached end of ETC and protons have flowed through ATP synthase enzyme/ channel = combine with O2 = water
  • oxygen is therefore known as final electron acceptor
33
Q

What is decarboxylation

A
  • removal of carboxylate group (COOH) = releases CO2

In links reaction to produce Acetate = Acetate then combines with Co enzyme A to produce Acetyl Co-enzyme A

34
Q

how many pyruvate molecules made per glucose and how many Acetyl Coenzyeme -A made per glucose

A

2

2

5. Energy And Ecosystems (7 decks)

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