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Biology of Aging Chapter 9 Respiratory > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A
  • provide oxygen for cellular respiration
  • rid body of CO2 waste
  • protect against infection
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2
Q

Map the flow of air

A
  1. Through Nose (filtered by nose hairs) or mouth (unfiltered)
  2. to the Pharynx
  3. past the Epiglottis
  4. to the trachea
  5. to the bronchi
  6. into the bronchioles (1mm)
  7. Into the Alveoli
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3
Q

What does the epiglottis cover when being pushed down for swallowing?

A

Tracheae

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4
Q

Inspiration

A

diaphragm muscle contracts downward expanding chest volume; external intercostal muscles contract pulling ribs upward and outward to draw air in

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5
Q

What are the two types of expiration?

A
  1. Passive Expiration

2. Forced Expiration

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6
Q

Passive Expiration

A

with the relaxation of external intercostal muscles and diaphragm, elastic recoil forces air back out

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7
Q

Forced Expiration

A

Forcible contraction of intercostals and/or abdominals force air back out

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8
Q

Tidal Volume

A

resting breathing is constituted by this

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9
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

invoked when more oxygen is needed (deep breath)

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10
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

removed with forced exhalation from rest

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11
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

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12
Q

Residual Volume

A

remaining volume following exhalation of the ERV

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13
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

RV cannot be exhaled but does constitute a big part of the total lung capacity; 5-6 Liters; total surface area 70-90 m2

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14
Q

Airway features

A
  • Epithelial cells (goblet cells)

- Cilia

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15
Q

Epithelial Cells (goblet cells)

A

in the trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap particulates

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16
Q

Cilia

A

the cilia line the airway and transport airborne particulates on mucus up to pharynx for swallowing

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17
Q

Alveoli features

A
  • Alveolar Macrophages
  • Surfactant cells
  • pneumocyte epithelial cells
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18
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

kill the infectious organisms

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19
Q

Surfactant cells

A

secrete lipids and proteins that aid in gas exchange; lowers the surface tension of water to allow oxygen to pass freely for gas exchange

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20
Q

Pneumocyte epithelial cells

A

the alveoli is lined with them

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21
Q

Gas exchange is ____ to surface area.

A

proportional

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22
Q

what in the red blood cells bind oxygen?

A

hemoglobin

23
Q

How much oxygen is returned to the lungs unused?

A

75%

24
Q

What binds hemoglobin?

A

carbon monoxide; it binds very tightly, permanently inactivating red blood cells

25
Q

Vital capacity is _____ about _____ by age 60

A

REDUCED, 1/5

rate of decline is 2-3 times greater in smokers

26
Q

Residual volume ______ from ___-___ by age 60

A

INCREASES, 25%-40%

(Po2 decrease), Narrowed airways lead to less gas exchange with breathing

27
Q

Spinal changes like _____ and _____ reduce respiration effectiveness.

A

Kyphosis and scoliosis

28
Q

What is the reduction in the flexibility in the rib cage due to?

A
  • Cartilage calcification/ stiffening of rib joints

- protein fiber cross-linking

29
Q

Reduction in strength of intercostal muscles

A

weaker muscles in the chest and diaphragm

30
Q

What kind of exercises can help maintain most capacity?

A

Breathing and cardiovascular

31
Q

As you age what happens to the neural response to high blood carbon dioxide and low blood oxygen?

A

it decreases

32
Q

VO2 max

A

maximum capacity of body to transport and utilize oxygen, aerobic capacity. (decreases with age partially due to reduction in cardiac efficiency and alveolar changes)

33
Q

Pulmonary Obstructions

A

issues that prevent effective gas exchange (respiration) including environmental and genetic risk factors

34
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

blockages in airway as the body relaxes in sleep and breaths are more than 10 seconds apart. Breathing restarts abruptly/violently. snoring.

35
Q

Central Sleep Apnea

A

due to problems in brain respiratory center; treatment: CPAP, special pillow, surgery

36
Q

CPAP

A

Continunous Positive Airways Pressure machine

37
Q

With age, ____ mucus is produced and it becomes _____.

A

less, thicker

38
Q

With age, ciliary movement becomes ____ efficient resulting in ____.

A

less, particulates being poorly removed

39
Q

with age, the bronchiole lumen _______ making breathing more ________

A

narrows, labored

40
Q

Bronchitis

A

chronic coughing, excess mucus production by epithelial cells acute or chronic

41
Q

Causes of bronchitis

A

infections, air pollution, and smoking

42
Q

Chronic Asthma

A

bronchial smooth muscle cells constrict and mucus is produced

43
Q

The elderly is more susceptible to respiratory tract infection due to _____ and _____

A

weakened immune system and mucosal ciliary action

44
Q

Pneumonia

A

can be bacterial, viral, or fungal. persistent pharyngeal infections move into lungs; more virulent strains are emerging

45
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis; more virulent strains today are antibiotic-resistant

46
Q

Aspiration

A

swallowing may become uncoordinated and “aspiration” of food can lead to serious respiratory problems; helps to turn head to swallow; cough reflex is blunted

47
Q

Irritants (particulates)

A

PM10, smoke, industry/mining (asbestos, silica, and fiberglass), farming/lawn, dust, e-cigarettes

48
Q

Irritants (pathogens)

A

Allergens, roach/dust mite feces, pollen, chemicals; smog, ozone, solvents, Immune free radical response leads to DNA mutations and possibly cancer

49
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

scarring & thickening - reducing elasticity ;

build-up of fibrous material. Occurs as a result of breathing particulates and fibrous materials.

50
Q

Irritants lead to ____ and ____ in alveoli

A

scarring and tissue destruction

51
Q

Alveolar ____ and ____ in surface area can cause reduction in gas exchange

A

thickening and reduction

52
Q

Surfactant –> ______ —-> _______ —-> red blood cells

A

epithelial, endothelial

53
Q

Materials that can not be broken down by free radicals (asbestos, fiberglass, silica) are ______ with connective tissue forming _______ - reducing effective gas exchange

A

walled off, fibrotic tissue

Biology of Aging Chapter 9 Respiratory (1 decks)

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