Respiration

Question 1

What does the respiratory system do?

Answer 1

• provide oxygen for cellular respiration
• rid body of CO2 waste
• protect against infection

Question 2

Map the flow of air

Answer 2

1. Through Nose (filtered by nose hairs) or mouth (unfiltered)
2. to the Pharynx
3. past the Epiglottis
4. to the trachea
5. to the bronchi
6. into the bronchioles (1mm)
7. Into the Alveoli

Question 3

What does the epiglottis cover when being pushed down for swallowing?

Answer 3

Tracheae

Question 4

Inspiration

Answer 4

diaphragm muscle contracts downward expanding chest volume; external intercostal muscles contract pulling ribs upward and outward to draw air in

Question 5

What are the two types of expiration?

Answer 5

1. Passive Expiration

2. Forced Expiration

Question 6

Passive Expiration

Answer 6

with the relaxation of external intercostal muscles and diaphragm, elastic recoil forces air back out

Question 7

Forced Expiration

Answer 7

Forcible contraction of intercostals and/or abdominals force air back out

Question 8

Tidal Volume

Answer 8

resting breathing is constituted by this

Question 9

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 9

invoked when more oxygen is needed (deep breath)

Question 10

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 10

removed with forced exhalation from rest

Question 11

Vital Capacity

Answer 11

Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

Question 12

Residual Volume

Answer 12

remaining volume following exhalation of the ERV

Question 13

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 13

RV cannot be exhaled but does constitute a big part of the total lung capacity; 5-6 Liters; total surface area 70-90 m2

Question 14

Airway features

Answer 14

• Epithelial cells (goblet cells)

- Cilia

Question 15

Epithelial Cells (goblet cells)

Answer 15

in the trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap particulates

Question 16

Cilia

Answer 16

the cilia line the airway and transport airborne particulates on mucus up to pharynx for swallowing

Question 17

Alveoli features

Answer 17

• Alveolar Macrophages
• Surfactant cells
• pneumocyte epithelial cells

Question 18

Alveolar Macrophages

Answer 18

kill the infectious organisms

Question 19

Surfactant cells

Answer 19

secrete lipids and proteins that aid in gas exchange; lowers the surface tension of water to allow oxygen to pass freely for gas exchange

Question 20

Pneumocyte epithelial cells

Answer 20

the alveoli is lined with them

Question 21

Gas exchange is ____ to surface area.

Answer 21

proportional

Question 22

what in the red blood cells bind oxygen?

Answer 22

hemoglobin

Question 23

How much oxygen is returned to the lungs unused?

Answer 23

75%

Question 24

What binds hemoglobin?

Answer 24

carbon monoxide; it binds very tightly, permanently inactivating red blood cells

Question 25

Vital capacity is _____ about _____ by age 60

Answer 25

REDUCED, 1/5 | rate of decline is 2-3 times greater in smokers

Question 26

Residual volume ______ from ___-___ by age 60

Answer 26

INCREASES, 25%-40% | (Po2 decrease), Narrowed airways lead to less gas exchange with breathing

Question 27

Spinal changes like _____ and _____ reduce respiration effectiveness.

Answer 27

Kyphosis and scoliosis

Question 28

What is the reduction in the flexibility in the rib cage due to?

Answer 28

- Cartilage calcification/ stiffening of rib joints | - protein fiber cross-linking

Question 29

Reduction in strength of intercostal muscles

Answer 29

weaker muscles in the chest and diaphragm

Question 30

What kind of exercises can help maintain most capacity?

Answer 30

Breathing and cardiovascular

Question 31

As you age what happens to the neural response to high blood carbon dioxide and low blood oxygen?

Answer 31

it decreases

Question 32

VO2 max

Answer 32

maximum capacity of body to transport and utilize oxygen, aerobic capacity. (decreases with age partially due to reduction in cardiac efficiency and alveolar changes)

Question 33

Pulmonary Obstructions

Answer 33

issues that prevent effective gas exchange (respiration) including environmental and genetic risk factors

Question 34

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Answer 34

blockages in airway as the body relaxes in sleep and breaths are more than 10 seconds apart. Breathing restarts abruptly/violently. snoring.

Question 35

Central Sleep Apnea

Answer 35

due to problems in brain respiratory center; treatment: CPAP, special pillow, surgery

Question 36

CPAP

Answer 36

Continunous Positive Airways Pressure machine

Question 37

With age, ____ mucus is produced and it becomes _____.

Answer 37

less, thicker

Question 38

With age, ciliary movement becomes ____ efficient resulting in ____.

Answer 38

less, particulates being poorly removed

Question 39

with age, the bronchiole lumen _______ making breathing more ________

Answer 39

narrows, labored

Question 40

Bronchitis

Answer 40

chronic coughing, excess mucus production by epithelial cells acute or chronic

Question 41

Causes of bronchitis

Answer 41

infections, air pollution, and smoking

Question 42

Chronic Asthma

Answer 42

bronchial smooth muscle cells constrict and mucus is produced

Question 43

The elderly is more susceptible to respiratory tract infection due to _____ and _____

Answer 43

weakened immune system and mucosal ciliary action

Question 44

Pneumonia

Answer 44

can be bacterial, viral, or fungal. persistent pharyngeal infections move into lungs; more virulent strains are emerging

Question 45

Tuberculosis

Answer 45

Mycobacterium tuberculosis; more virulent strains today are antibiotic-resistant

Question 46

Aspiration

Answer 46

swallowing may become uncoordinated and "aspiration" of food can lead to serious respiratory problems; helps to turn head to swallow; cough reflex is blunted

Question 47

Irritants (particulates)

Answer 47

PM10, smoke, industry/mining (asbestos, silica, and fiberglass), farming/lawn, dust, e-cigarettes

Question 48

Irritants (pathogens)

Answer 48

Allergens, roach/dust mite feces, pollen, chemicals; smog, ozone, solvents, Immune free radical response leads to DNA mutations and possibly cancer

Question 49

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Answer 49

scarring & thickening - reducing elasticity ; | build-up of fibrous material. Occurs as a result of breathing particulates and fibrous materials.

Question 50

Irritants lead to ____ and ____ in alveoli

Answer 50

scarring and tissue destruction

Question 51

Alveolar ____ and ____ in surface area can cause reduction in gas exchange

Answer 51

thickening and reduction

Question 52

Surfactant --> ______ ----> _______ ----> red blood cells

Answer 52

epithelial, endothelial

Question 53

Materials that can not be broken down by free radicals (asbestos, fiberglass, silica) are ______ with connective tissue forming _______ - reducing effective gas exchange

Answer 53

walled off, fibrotic tissue