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Biology Nat 5 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is glucose?

A

A type of sugar, an energy rich substance. It is the most common end product from the digestion of complex carbohydrates.

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2
Q

What is the main source of energy in living cells?

A

Glucose.

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3
Q

How is chemical energy stored in food released in living cells?

A

Relatively slowly, through a series of enzyme controlled reactions called respiration.

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4
Q

Where does respiration occur?

A

In all living cells.

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5
Q

What is ATP?

A

An energy rich compound.

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6
Q

What is a molecule of ATP made out of?

A

Adenosine and three inorganic phosphate (Pi) groups.

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7
Q

When is energy stored in ATP released?

A

When the bond attached to the terminal phosphate is broken down by enzyme action.

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8
Q

What is formed as a result of the reaction of energy being released from an ATP molecule?

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Pi

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9
Q

What is required to regenerate ATP from ADP + Pi

A

Energy.

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10
Q

When an energy rich substance such as glucose is gradually broken down during respiration in a living cell, it releases energy that is used to regenerate what?

A

ATP from ADP + Pi

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11
Q

Where are ATP molecules present that makes them immediately available for energy requiring processes?

A

In every living cell.

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12
Q

What biological activities are energy requiring?

A

Muscular contraction, cell division, synthesis of proteins, transmission of nerve impulses, active uptake of ions and molecules and carbon fixation during photosynthesis.

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13
Q

Why is ATP important?

A

It acts as the link between energy-releasing reactions and energy-consuming reactions. It provides the means by which chemical energy is transferred from one type of reaction to the other in a living cell.

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14
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process by which chemical energy is released during the breakdown of food such as glucose. It occurs in every living cell and involves the regeneration of the high-energy compound ATP by a complex series of biochemical reactions.

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15
Q

What is the first stage of respiration within a cell?

A

The breakdown of glucose by a series of enzyme-controlled steps to form two molecules of pyruvate.

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16
Q

What are the products of the first stage of respiration within a cell?

A

The formation of two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid). This respiratory pathway also results in the production of two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.

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17
Q

Where does the first stage of respiration take place within a cell?

A

The cells cytoplasm.

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18
Q

Does the first stage of respiration require the presence of oxygen?

A

It does not.

19
Q

When oxygen is present, where does aerobic respiration occur within a cell?

A

The mitochondria.

20
Q

What is the structure of the inner membrane of each mitochondria like?

A

It is folded into many extensions that present a large surface area upon which the respiratory process can take place. the extensions project into the central cavity, which contains essential enzymes.

21
Q

Would a cell which requires more energy generally contain a high or low number of mitochondria?

A

Relatively high.

22
Q

Name the type of cells that contain high numbers of mitochondria?

A

Cells with high energy consumption such as sperm, liver, muscle and neurons in animal and companion cells and in green plant cells.

23
Q

Once the pyruvate diffuses from the cell’s cytoplasm to the mitochondria what happens to it?

A

It is broken down by many enzyme controlled steps.

24
Q

What does the breaking down of pyruvate result in?

A

The formation of carbon dioxide, water and 18 molecules of ATP per molecule of pyruvate.

25
Q

What is the product of the complete breakdown of a glucose molecule?

A

38 ATP molecules. 2 (as a result of the breakdown of a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules) + 18 + 18 (as a result of the breakdown of the 2 pyruvate molecules formed in the breakdown of the original glucose molecule).

26
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The process by which little energy is derived from the partial breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen.

27
Q

During fermentation does the breakdown of a glucose molecule begin as normal?

A

Yes, two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose are formed as normal.

28
Q

During fermentation can the pathway involving the complete breakdown of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water proceed?

A

No, it cannot proceed in the absence of oxygen.

29
Q

What is the formal summarisation for the aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

30
Q

What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen.

31
Q

What are the products of aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water with the liberation of energy in the form of ATP.

32
Q

In animal cells, if the oxygen supply cannot meet the demand during vigorous muscular activity, do they still respire?

A

Yes.

33
Q

How do animal cells continue to respire in anaerobic conditions?

A

By fermentation.

34
Q

What is formed as a result of fermentation in animal cells?

A

Lactic acid.

35
Q

What effect does the increase in lactic acid have on muscular efficiency?

A

It reduces the efficiency.

36
Q

During muscle fatigue, as the concentration of lactic acid builds up what happens?

A

An oxygen debt builds up.

37
Q

How is the oxygen dept in an animal cell repaid?

A

During a rest period and energy, generated by aerobic respiration, is used to convert lactic acid back to pyruvate.

38
Q

What is the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid in animal cells described as?

A

A reversible process.

39
Q

What is the formal summarisation for the process of fermentation in animal cells?

A

Glucose —> pyruvate —> lactic acid

40
Q

If a plant cell is unable to respire aerobically what do they become dependent on?

A

Fermentation.

41
Q

What is lost each time a molecule of pyruvate is broken down to ethanol?

A

A molecule of carbon dioxide.

42
Q

What does the loss of a carbon dioxide molecule each time a pyruvate molecule is broken down by ethanol mean for the reversibility of fermentation in plant cells?

A

It is irreversible

43
Q

What is the formal summarisation for fermentation in plant cells?

A

Glucose —> pyruvate —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Biology Nat 5 (5 decks)

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