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Biology Quater 2 Exam Flash Cards > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of the Respiratory System

A

Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and external environment

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2
Q

What are organs involved in the Respiratory System?

A 
Nose (nasal cavity)
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm
See PPT 14.0 for diagram
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3
Q

Nasal Cavity and Pharynx

A

The nasal cavity and pharynx are lined with cells that secrete mucus.

  • Moistens the air we breathe in
  • Traps large and/or foreign particles at the back of the throat to stop them from entering the lungs.
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4
Q

Larynx

A

Contain vocal chords
Also contains the epiglottis
A flap of cartilage that moves over the top of the trachea when we are eating to stop food from entering into the airways.

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5
Q

Trachea

A

Also known as the windpipe
Connects the larynx to the lungs
Made up of cartilage and ligaments – keeps the airway permanently open.
Covered with cilia – tiny hair-like structures
- Protect the respiratory system by filtering out dust and other particles that enter via the nose.
- As air is inhaled, the cilia move back and forth, pushing any foreign particles towards the pharynx. It can then enter into the digestive system.

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6
Q

Lungs

A 
Trachea branches into two tubes
known as the bronchi 
- As they enter into the lungs
they divide into smaller and
smaller tubes.
Bronchioles – smaller branches from the tertiary bronchi
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7
Q

Aveoli

A

Location of gas exchange
Lungs contain a lot of these to increase surface area for gas exchange
Air is moved into the aveoli via the bronchioles and aveolar duct
Contain pulmonary surfactant which reduces the surface tension in the aveoli which ensures they don’t collaspe

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8
Q

Whats important about aveoli for the respiratory system

A

Surfaces of the alveoli are moist – allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to dissolve so they can diffuse across the membrane.
Have very thin walls filled with many blood vessels – allows for the easy diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Gas Exchange in the aveoli

A
  • Oxygen moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration into the blood through the walls of the alveoli.
  • Oxygen attaches to the vacant haemoglobin molecules on each RBC. Each haemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules.
  • Carbon dioxide is carried dissolved in blood. When it enters the lungs it diffuses from the bloodstream into the lungs (high to low concentration) where it is breathed out.
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10
Q

Gas Exchange in the Tissues

A
  • Body tissues have a pressure of approximately 40mmHg at rest.
  • The difference in pressure between blood and tissues is what causes the haemoglobin to release the oxygen which can then enter the tissues via diffusion.
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11
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Dome-shaped muscle used in breathing.

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12
Q

Inhalation

A
  • Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards – this increases space in lung cavity.
  • Intercostal muscles (between the ribs) help to enlarge the chest cavity – when they contract they pull your rib cage up and out.
  • An increase in space in the lung cavity decreases pressure.
  • Air moves from high pressure (outside of the body) to low pressure (in the lungs) – causes you to breathe in.
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13
Q

Exhalation

A
  • Diaphragm elaxes and moves upwards. This decreases space in lung cavity.
  • Intercostal muscles relax which also reduces space in lung cavity.
  • Increases the pressure in the lung cavity – air moves from high pressure (inside the lung cavity) to low pressure (outside of the body) – causes you to breathe out.
    SEE PPT
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14
Q

Where do fish obtain oxygen?

A

Obtain O2 from water via gills.

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15
Q

What does the gills consist of?

A

Membranous structures
Supported by cartilaginous (bony) struts
Large surface area

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16
Q

What happens when water enters the mouth, flowing across the gills and exiting via the operculum (gill cover)

A

As water flows over the gill surface, respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged between the blood and the water.

17
Q

What type of circulatory system do fish have?

A

A closed circulatory system (known as a single circuit system)

18
Q

Function of a single circuit system in Fish

A

blood goes directly to the body from the gills and

only flows once through the heart in each circulation of the body. PPT 14.5 Slide 7

19
Q

Effects of a single ciruit system

A
  • Blood loses pressure as it moves through the gills.
  • Travels at low pressure around the body.
  • Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart.
  • Heart pumps blood in direction of gills.
20
Q

How is gas exchange affected in fish?

A

Gas exhcange rates are maximised due to the physical arrangment of the fish’s gills in relation to blood flow

21
Q

Counter Current Flow in Fish

A

Constant flow of O2 rich water flows over gill filaments in the opposite direction to blood flow.

22
Q

Effecg of Counter Current Flow in fish

A
  • Maintains diffusion gradient over whole length of gill capillary
  • Maximising O2 transfer from water to blood
23
Q

What type of system do insects have for gas exchange

A

They have an tracheal system

24
Q

What are spiracles and what’s their function

A

Paired apertures in the lateral body wall of body segments

Air enters the body via the spiracles.

25
Q

Characterisitcs of Spiracles

A
  • Filtering devices prevent small particles from clogging the systems.
  • Valves control the degree to which the spiracles are open.
26
Q

What’s the characteristics of small insects

A

Diffusion is the only mechanism needed to exchange gases because it occurs so rapidly through the air-filled tubules.

27
Q

Whats the characteristc of larger insects

A

Tracheal system which includes air sacks that can be compressed and expanded to assist in moving air through the tubules.

  • Gases move through the tracheal system directly to muscles.
  • End of each tube contains small amount of fluid – allows respiratory gases to dissolve.
28
Q

What happens to the fluid in each tube in insects

A

Fluid drawn into muscles during muscle contraction and released back into the tube
during relaxation.

29
Q

How is ventilation achieved in insects

A

Ventilation is achieved by making rhythmic body movements to help move air in and out of the tracheae.

30
Q

What do birds have

A

Birds have lungs and air sacs

31
Q

How many and what type of air sacs consist in the bird

A 
Two posterior thoracic
Two abdominal
Two anterior thoracic
Two cervical (not present in some species)
One intraclavicular
PPT 14.5 Slide 17
32
Q

Where are air sacs extended in birds?

A

Air sacs extend into the humerus (the bone between the shoulder and elbow), the femur (thigh bone) the vertebrae and the skull

33
Q

What do birds not have and what does this mean

A

Diaphragm, air is moved in and out of the respiratory system through pressure changes in the air sacs.

34
Q

What occurs during inspiration in birds?

A

Muscles in the chest cause the sternum to be pushed outward

- This creates negative pressure in the air sacs which in turn causes air to move into the respiratory system.

35
Q

What occurs during expiration in birds?

A

Not passive – requires muscles to contract to increase pressure in the air sacs which pushes the air out.

36
Q

What occurs in Stage 1 of the Respiratory Cycle of a Bird?

A
  • Air travels through nostrils into the nasal cavity, through the trachea to the syrinx.
  • Air flow divides in two as the trachea divides but the air does not go directly to the lungs.
  • Air travels to the posterior air sacs.
37
Q

What occurs in Stage 2 of the Respiratory Cycle of a Bird?

A

During the first expiration, air is moved from the posterior air sacs through the ventrobronchi and dorsobronchi into the lungs.

  • Bronchi continue to divide into smaller and smaller capillaries.
  • Blood capillaries flow through the air capillaries and this is where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
38
Q

What occurs in Stage 3 of the Respiratory Cycle of a Bird?

A

Bird inspires a second time.

Air moves into the anterior air sacs

39
Q

What occurs in Stage 4 (final) of the Respiratory Cycle of a Bird?

A
  • Expiration occurs for a second time.
  • Air moves out of the anterior air sacs, through the syrinx into the trachea, through the larynx, and finally through the nasal cavity and out of the nostrils.
    PPT 14.5 Slide 22-23

Biology Quater 2 Exam Flash Cards (6 decks)

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