Respiration 1

Question 1

What are the 2 types of respiration?

Answer 1

Internal
External

Question 2

Recall the difference between internal and external respiration

Answer 2

Internal- occurs within cells, involves glycolysis and Krebs cycle (CO2 production), and oxidative phosphorylation (O2 consumption)

External- involves ventilation and the exchange/ transport of gases around the body

Question 3

Why is maintaining a short diffusion distance important for respiration

Answer 3

Maintaining a short diffusion distance means molecules can diffuse faster (efficient respiration)

Question 4

What are the 2 main sections of the lungs?

Answer 4

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

Question 5

What is the basic function of the conducting zone and what structures make it up?

Answer 5

To deliver gas to the alveoli SO NO GAS EXCHANGE IS TAKING PLACE

Nose, nasopharynx , mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree

Question 6

What are the 3 main functions of the conducting zone?

Answer 6

Filtering- large particles
Warming- prevents bubbling
Humidifying- prevents drying of airways

Question 7

What are the key components of bronchial wall structure?

Answer 7

Reinforced with cartilage- prevents collapsing and helps airways stay opened so maintaining airflow

Smooth muscle- allows contraction

Mucous glands- produce mucus

Elastic tissue

Question 8

What are the main components of respiratory epithelium?

Answer 8

Ciliated epithelia
Goblet cells
Sensory nerve endings

Question 9

How do bronchioles differ from bronchi?

Answer 9

Bronchioles:
Lack cartilage support
Have proportionately more smooth muscle
Are less than 1mm in diameter
Are lined by respiratory epithelium

Question 10

What are the key characteristics of alveoli?

Answer 10

Have a large surface area

Are fed from terminal bronchioles
Have thin walls
Create a surface area of 50-100m² for gas exchange

Question 11

What are the two main processes of ventilation?

Answer 11

1. Inspiration
2. Expiration
   Both can be either quiet (at rest) or forced (during activity)

Question 12

hat causes air movement during ventilation?

Answer 12

Air moves down pressure gradients:

During inspiration: Atmospheric pressure > Alveolar pressure
During expiration: Alveolar pressure > Atmospheric pressure

Question 13

What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?

Answer 13

Diaphragm
External intercostals
These increase thoracic and lung volume

Question 14

What additional muscles are used in forced inspiration?

Answer 14

Accessory (Secondary) muscles:

Scalene
Sternocleidomastoids
Neck and back muscles
Upper respiratory tract muscles

Question 15

How does quiet expiration work?

Answer 15

It’s a passive process involving:

Relaxation of external intercostal muscles
Recoil of the lungs (elastic forces)
Relaxation of the diaphragm
No primary muscles are involved

Question 16

What muscles are involved in forced expiration?

Answer 16

Accessory muscles:

Internal intercostals
Abdominal muscles
Neck and back muscles

Question 17

What is the function of pleura?

Answer 17

Fills pleural cavity with secretions

Prevents lungs from sticking to chest wall
Enables free expansion and collapse of lungs

Question 18

How do elastic forces balance in the lungs at rest?

Answer 18

Lungs tend to collapse inward

Chest wall tends to expand outward
These forces balance at rest
Results in intrapleural pressure being less than atmospheric pressure