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Physiology 214 > Respiration 1 > Flashcards

Respiration 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the steps in external respiration

A
  1. Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs.
  2. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
  3. Transport of O2 and CO2 by the blood between lungs and tissue
  4. Exchange O2 and CO2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells
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2
Q

forces in the chest

A
  • Intrapleural fluid cohesiveness (stickiness)
  • Transmural pressure gradient x2
    [Atmospheric (760) - Intrapleaural (756)]
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3
Q

What is the average resting PO2 at systematic capillaries?

A

40 mm Hg (partially saturated hemoglobin)

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4
Q

Normal PO2 at pulmonary capillaries?

A

100 mm Hg (fully saturated hemoglobin)

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5
Q

The % hemoglobin saturation depends on the;

A

PO2 of the blood

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6
Q

Why Respiration?

A
  • Oxidative phosphorylation for ATP

- To maintain viability

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7
Q

Respiratory surface area ________ with size

A

increases

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8
Q

General function of respiration

A

to obtain O2 for use by the body’s cells and to eliminate the CO2 the body cells produce

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9
Q

2 separate but related processes

A

Internal respiration

External respiration

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10
Q

Internal Respiration

A

[Cellular respiration]
- metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria, which use O2 and produce CO2, while deriving energy from nutrient molecules.

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11
Q

Respiratory quotient (RQ)

A

The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed
(in internal resp)
Varies depending on the foodstuff consumed
Brain, heart, muscle

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12
Q

External Respiration

A

Refers to the sequence of events involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells of the body

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13
Q

4 steps of external respiration

A

> Ventilation – movement of air into and out of the
lungs
O2 and CO2 are exchanged between air in alveoli
and blood within the pulmonary capillaries by
means of diffusion
Blood transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and
tissues
O2 and CO2 are exchanged between tissues and
blood by process of diffusion across systemic
(tissue) capillaries

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14
Q

Non-respiratory Functions of Respiratory System

A
  • Route for water loss and heat elimination
  • Enhances venous return
  • Helps maintain normal acid-base balance
  • Enables speech, singing, and other vocalizations
  • Defends against inhaled foreign matter
  • Removes, modifies, activates, or inactivates various
    materials passing through the pulmonary circulation
  • Nose serves as the organ of smell
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15
Q
A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, trachea

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16
Q
A

Simple squamous epithelium (Mesothelium and Endothelium)

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17
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

Mesothelium and Endothelium

A

lining of body cavities
(mesothelium visceral and parietal)
Function: passive transport

18
Q

Respiratory Airways

A

Tubes that carry air between the atmosphere and the air sacs

19
Q

Respiratory Airways

A
  • Nasal passages (nose)
  • Pharynx (common passageway for respiratory and
    digestive systems)
  • Trachea (windpipe)
  • Larynx (voice box)
  • Right and left bronchi
  • Bronchioles
    Alveoli (air sacs) are clustered at ends of
    terminal bronchioles
20
Q

GAs transfer occurs across the:

A

respiratory epithelium

21
Q

Trachea and larger bronchi

A

Fairly rigid, non-muscular tubes

Rings of cartilage prevent collapse

22
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • No cartilage to hold them open
  • Walls contain smooth muscle innervated by
    autonomic nervous system
  • Sensitive to certain hormones and local chemicals
23
Q

Thin-walled inflatable sacs

A

Alveoli

24
Q

Function in gas exchange

A

alveoli

25
Q

Alveoli cell walls consist of:

A

single layer of flattened Type I alveolar cells

26
Q

encircle each alveolus

A

Pulmonary capillaries

27
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant

28
Q

guard lumen

A

Alveolar macrophages

29
Q

permit airflow between adjacent alveoli (collateral ventilation)

A

Pores of Kohn

30
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

deoxygenated blood

31
Q

pulmonary vein

A

oxygenated blood

32
Q

Relationship of Resistance and Flow to Vessel Radius

A

Flow proportional to differential pressure and r4

33
Q

Pressure gradient of blood flow

A

is pressure difference between beginning and end of a vessel

34
Q

Blood flows from area of ________ pressure to area of ________ pressure

A

higher

lower

35
Q

Resistance is:

A

a measure of the opposition of blood flow through a vessel

36
Q

Resistance of blood flow depends on:

A

Blood viscosity
Vessel length
Vessel radius

37
Q

Major determinant of resistance to flow is

A

vessel’s radius
Slight change in radius produces significant change in blood flow

  	R is proportional to 1/r4
38
Q

Respiration:

A

for ATP’s sake to maintain cellular viability and function

39
Q

Order of respiration

A

Air –> lungs –> capillaries –> tissue

40
Q

diffusion in alveoli

A

500nm

41
Q

How does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis

A
  • By obtaining O2 from and eliminating CO2 to the
    external environment.
  • Helps regulate the pH of the internal environment
    by adjusting the rate of removal of acid forming
    CO2
42
Q

Why is homeostasis of respiration necassary?

A
  • Cells need a constant supply of O2 delivered to
    them to support their energy-generating chemical
    reactions.
  • These reactions generate CO2 that must be
    continuously removed.
  • Furthermore, this CO2 generates carbonic acid with
    which the body must deal with to maintain the
    proper pH of the internal environment
    > Cells can only survive within a narrow pH.

Physiology 214 (26 decks)

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