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Patho II > Respiraotry physiology - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Respiraotry physiology - Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of the respiratory system

A

to provide O₂ and remove CO₂

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2
Q

ventilation

A

exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by bulk flow

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2
Q

ventilation

A

exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by bulk flow

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3
Q

Exchange of CO₂ & O₂

A
  • between alveolar air and blood in lung capillaries by diffusion (external respiration)
  • between blood in tissue capillaries and cells in tissues by diffusion (internal respiration)
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4
Q

transport of O₂ and CO₂

A

through pulmonary and systemic circulation by bulk flow

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5
Q

cellular utilization of..

A

O₂ and production of CO₂

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6
Q

pleural membrane

A

pleura → serosa of the lung

visceral → attached to lung
parietal → attached to chest wall

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7
Q

serous fluid

A
  • fluid between the lung, pleura, and ribs
  • ** provides lubrication allows lung to move along the pleura and suction
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8
Q

Boyle’s law

A

PV = nRT

** Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume

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9
Q

understanding ventilation

A
  • laws of diffusion (gases moving from higher concentrations to lower concentrations)
  • Boyle’s law (P and V inversely related to each other)
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10
Q

** Quiet inspiration

A

active
- diaphragm contract
- external intercostals contract
- utilization of ATP through skeletal muscles

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11
Q

Forced inspiration

A

trying to create more additional space

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11
Q

** Quiet expiration

A

resting
- passive process “recoil”
- elastic properties of lung

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12
Q

forced expiration

A

active
- abdominals
- internal intercostals

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13
Q

alveolus

A

site of gas exchange

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14
Q

alveoli epithelial cells

A

type I: squamous epithelial cells, important for gas exchange
type II: make surfactant, help reduce surface tension

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15
Q

P suffix ip

A

intra pleural pressure

this needs to work in hand with changes that accommodate ventilation

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16
Q

transpulmonary pressure/transmural pressure

A

pressure differences holding lungs open (opposes inward elastic recoil of the lung)

  • typically Pip < Palv
  • Pip at rest = -4 mm Hg
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17
Q

** to accommodate inspiration Pip becomes

A

more negative

subatmospheric

then Ptp becomes more positive

Ptp = Palv - Pip

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18
Q

inspiration flow diagram

A
  • diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract
  • thorax: expands
  • Pip becomes more subatmospheric (negative)
  • ↑ transpulmonary pressure
  • lungs: expand
  • Palv becomes subatmospheric
  • air flow into alveoli
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19
Q

expiration flow diagram

A
  • diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals stop contracting
  • chest wall: recoils inward
  • Pip moves back toward preinspiration value
  • transpulmonary pressure moves back toward preinspiration value
  • lungs: recoil toward preinspiration size
  • air in alveoli becomes compressed
  • Palv becomes greater than Patm
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20
Q

airway resistance

A
  • flow = △P(3.144)r⁴ / (8ul)
  • resistance = 8ul/(3.144r⁴ ) ***
    depends on the length of the airway and the viscosity of the gas and is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius

l = length of airway
u = viscosity of the gas
r = radius of the airway

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21
Q

airway resistance can also be termed as

A

obstruction to the airflow

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21
Q

which causes more resistance, upper or lower airway?

A

upper

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22
decrease in lung volume results in an __ in resistance
increase
23
compliance of lungs
determined by elastic forces
24
elastic forces
- lung tissue - surface tension
25
surface tension
- attraction of water molecules at the air-water interface - will result in collapse of alveoli - prevented by surfactant
26
*** vital capacity is the combination of
ERV = amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort TV = amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath IRV = amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort ** amount of air that can be exhaled with max effort after max inspiration; used to assess the strength of thoracic muscles as well as pulmonary function
27
RV
residual volume amount of air remaining in the lungs after max expiration; keeps alveoli inflated between breaths and mixes with fresh air on next inspiration
28
anatomical dead space
- part of the respiratory system where gas exchange does no take place - 150 mL - conducting airways
29
physiological dead space
- depends on ventilation-perfusion ratio
30
minute ventilation
total amount of air moves into and out of the respiratory system per minute
31
alveolar frequency
how much air per minute enters parts of the respiratory system in which gas exchange takes place
32
minute respiratory volume
TV x RR
33
alveolar ventilation
(TV- dead space) x RR
34
the bottom portion of the lung has a __ blood flow compared to the top of the lung at REST
higher
34
*** pulmonary pressures
pulmonary artery pressures - systolic 25 mmHg (quarter) - diastolic 8 mmHg (almost a dime) - mean 15 mmHg (dime + nickel) - capillary 7 mmHg (dime + 2 pennies)
35
Hypoxic vasoconstriction
less ventilated alveolus has a vasoconstricted pulm capillary
36
inward forces
d/t plasma proteins causing plasma osmotic pressure that pulls the water into the pulmonary capillary plasma osmotic pressure 28 mmHg
36
outward forces
force of the fluid trying to go out of the capillary into the interstitial space pulmonary capillary pressure 7 mmHg interstitial osmotic pressure 14 mmHg negative interstitial pressure 8 mmHg total = 29 mmHg
37
net filtration pressure
1 mmHg
38
*** __ Interstitial pressure keeps alveoli dry
negative
38
pulmonary edema
fluid accumulation in pulmonary interstitial space
39
pulmonary edema causes:
- increase in pulmonary venous and capillary pressure (left-sided HF, mitral valve stenosis); ↑ outward force - increased capillary membrane permeability (damage to associated with infections, noxious gases (chlorine, sulfur dioxide) - decrease in plasma oncotic pressure (liver failure); ↓ inward force
40
*** pulmonary edema safety factor
protection against edema until pulmonary capillary pressure ( 7 mmHg) equals capillary osmotic pressure (28 mmHg)
41
pleural effusion
excess fluid accumulation in the pleural space
42
pleural effusion causes:
- lymphatic obstruction (tumor) - HF - reduced plasma osmotic pressure - infection/inflammation of capillary membranes causing increased permeability - fluid production > drainage
43
components of respiratory unit
- terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs
44
alveolar walls - very __ walls to aid in gas exchange
thin 300 million alveoli in 2 lungs
45
gas exchange occurs where?
alveolar sacs
46
barriers for diffusion are:
surfactant/fluid alveolar epithelium epithelial basement membrane interstitial space capillary basement membrane capillary endothelium layers that create a barrier for diffusion of O2 and CO2
47
diffusion in response to
concentration gradient
48
pressure proportional to
concentration
49
gas contributes to total pressure in direct __ proportion to concentration
direct
50
CO₂ __ times as soluble as O₂
20
51
diffusion depends on __ __ of gas
partial pressure
52
air is humidifed yielding a vapor pressure of __ mmHg
47
53
ventilation/perfusion
- the relationship between adequate ventilation and adequate flow - defined as V/Q - V/Q (4L/min) / (5L /min) = 0.8
54
alveolar PO₂ and PCO₂
determined by the ratio between ventilation and blood flow: V/Q
55
PO₂ and PCO₂ are __ related through alveolar ventilation
inversely
56
increasing V/Q produces
higher PAO₂ and lower PACO₂ hyperventilation defined as PACO₂ < 40
57
decreasing V/Q produces
lower PAO₂ and higher PaCO₂ hypoventilation is defined as PACO₂ > 40
58
V/Q if inadequate ventilation
- less V ↓↓ - 0/Q = 0 - V/Q = 0 - smaller value or nothing when there is inadequate ventilation
59
V/Q if inadeqaute perfusion
- block in the flow of blood so there can still be good ventilation but perfusion ↓ - anything over 0 is infinity - V/Q = ∞ - higher value when there is inadequate perfusion
60
physiologic shunt
- V/Q < normal - low ventilation
61
physiologic dead space
- V/Q > normal - wasted ventilation
62
abnormalities with V/Q
- upper lung V/Q 3 x normal - lower lung V/Q .5 x normal
63
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Patho II (5 decks)

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