Respi clinical Flashcards
1
Q
What is Paragonimus kellicotti?
A
A lung fluke found in the Great Lakes, Midwest & South
It has an intermediate host of crayfish and a definitive host of dogs.
2
Q
What are the clinical signs of Paragonimus kellicotti infection?
A
- Cough
- Respiratory distress (due to haemoptysis or pneumothorax following rupture of bullae or cysts)
3
Q
What is the lifecycle of Paragonimus kellicotti?
A
Intermediate host - crayfish, Definitive host - dogs
4
Q
What diagnostics are used for Paragonimus kellicotti?
A
- Complete blood count – eosinophilia
- Thoracic imaging – nodular or cystic lesions
- Bronchoalveolar lavage – ova
- Faecal sedimentation
5
Q
What is the treatment for Paragonimus kellicotti?
A
- Fenbendazole
- Praziquantel
6
Q
What is the epidemiology of Filaroides spp?
A
- Age – young
- Breed – small breed
- Immune status – immunocompromised
7
Q
What is the lifecycle of Filaroides spp?
A
Faecal-oral (including autoinfection)
8
Q
What diagnostics are used for Filaroides spp?
A
- Faecal sedimentation
- Thoracic imaging – diffuse bronchointerstitial & alveolar infiltrates
- Bronchoalveolar lavage
9
Q
What is the treatment for Filaroides spp?
A
- Fenbendazole
- Praziquantel
- Corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory)
10
Q
What is Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
A
A lungworm found occurring in the South, affecting cats
11
Q
What is the lifecycle of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
A
Intermediate host - mollusc, Definitive host - cats
12
Q
What diagnostics are used for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
A
- Thoracic imaging – peribronchial cuffing
- Faecal sedimentation testing
13
Q
What is the treatment for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
A
- Fenbendazole
- Praziquantel
- Selamectin
- Corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory)
- Bronchodilators
14
Q
Where is Crenosoma vulpis found?
A
Northeast & Atlantic Canada
15
Q
What is the lifecycle of Crenosoma vulpis?
A
Intermediate host - mollusc, Definitive host - dogs
16
Q
What is the treatment for Crenosoma vulpis?
A
- Fenbendazole
- Ivermectin
- Milbemycin oxime
17
Q
What is Oslerus osleri?
A
Also known as Filaroides osleri, a lungworm with a faecal-oral lifecycle
18
Q
What are the sequelae of Oslerus osleri infection?
A
Secondary bacterial infections
19
Q
What diagnostics are used for Oslerus osleri?
A
- Faecal sedimentation
- Bronchoscopy – granulomatous mucosal nodules
20
Q
What is Eucoleus aerophilus?
A
Also known as Capillaria aerophilia, with dogs and cats as definitive hosts
21
Q
What diagnostics are used for Eucoleus aerophilus?
A
- Faecal floatation (not faecal sedimentation)
- Bronchoalveolar lavage – eosinophilic bronchitis & double-operculated eggs
22
Q
What are some non-lungworms?
A
- Toxocara spp (roundworms)
- Ancyclostoma spp (hookworms)
- Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm)
- Angiostrongylus vasorum (French heartworm)
23
Q
What is the lifecycle of Angiostrongylus vasorum?
A
- Intermediate host - molluscs
- Paratenic host - frogs
- Definitive host - dogs
24
Q
What are the clinical signs of Angiostrongylus vasorum infection?
A
- Respiratory signs
- Coagulopathy (consumptive)
- Syncope
- Neurologic signs
- Cardiopulmonary disease
25
What diagnostics are used for Angiostrongylus vasorum?
* Thoracic imaging – bronchial-interstitial-peripheral alveolar pattern
* Complete blood count – eosinophilia, anaemia & thrombocytopaenia
* Coagulation profile – prolonged
* Chemistry profile – hypercalcaemia
* Faecal sedimentation testing
* Serological testing
26
What is the treatment for Angiostrongylus vasorum?
Fenbendazole
27
which chamber is responsible for thermoregulation and why
respiratory chamber - ventral conchae
* there is the lateral nasal gland
28
which is the highest note of resistance in the upper airway
nasal vestibule
29
anatomic structure of stertor and what exacerbates
nasopharynx, repos
30
what kind of effort is reverse sneezing
mechanoreceptor aspiration reflex, inspiratory effort with rapid airflow
31
what structure is responsible of olfactory
ethmoid conchae
32
cheek puffing
obstruction complete du nez/nasopharynx
33
what type of breather are dogs
obligate nasal breather
34
presentation of nasal tumors
age : middle to older dogs
Dolichocephalic
dog : adenocarcinoma , sarcome, lymphome
35
what can cause nasal depigmentation
- fungal : aspergillosis
- auto immunitaire
- neoplasia
36
frequency of cancer in case of nasal discharge
1/3
(1/3 idiopathic)
37
what viral disease can cause a chronic rhinitis
cat : herpesvirus, calcivirus,
dogs : distemper, HPV in puppies
38
prevalence of idiopathic rhinitis in dogs, diagnosis, prognosis
- 1/3
- exclusion diagnosis
- predisposition of large breed
- bon , mauvais controle signe clinique
39
what parasites of the nose
- pneumonyssoides
- capillaria (eucolus)
- linguatula
No clinical signs for most. diagnosis by rhinoscopy or eggs in fecal samples
40
treatment of nasal mass
radiotherapy
41
signs of nasopharyngeal
stertor, cheek puffing, reverse sneezing, retching, +- vestibular signs
42
treatment of nasopharyngeal treatement
balloon dilation (reccurent) +- stent
parfois chirurgical (mucosal advancement)
43
treatment of nasopharynx polyp
slow traction, less reccurence with steroids
44
tumor of nasopharynx in cats
lymphoma
45
what is the most relevant malformation in brachycephalic cats
nasal stenosis
46
what are the most common tumors nasal in cats
adenocarcinoma
lymphoma +++
47
Give 5 abnormalities of brachycephalic breeds
- nasal entrance : stenosis
- nasal : aberrant turbinates, mucosal contact poincts
- nasopharynx : palais mous elongated + epais
- larynx : eversion of saccules, thick vocal cords + granuloma, collapse larynx
- trachea
- macroglossia
48
What happens to pug larynx and trachea
laryngeal collapse due to loss of cartilage rigidity
tracheal hypoplasia : due to weak cartilage skeleton
49
Tracheal Hypoplasia breeds
English et French Bulldog
Boston Terrier
CKC
50
how is tracheal hypoplasia diagnosed
less than twice the width of the third rib on x-rays
51
Brachycephalic % presentation with exercice intolerance
95%
Exacerbated with température over 19*C
52
what surgeries have better outcome together
- radical opening of nasal entrance (not just wedge)
- turbinectomy (by endoscopy)
- staphylectomy
- laser of everted saccule
53
What are the cartilages of the larynx
- Arythenoides (par pair)
- Cricoid
- Thyroid
- Epiglotte
54
What muscle opens the glottis
cricoarythenoideus dorsalis
55
What innervates the larynx muscles
Reccurent laryngeal nerve ( vagus nerve)
- Caudal TOUT sauf le cricothyroide
56
What breeds are predisposed to congenital canine laryngeal paralysis
*Siberian Husky, Malamutes, Bouvier des Flandres (autosomal dominant) = degenerative
*Polyneuropathy complexe : Rottweiller, Dalmatian => do not treat, will progress, bad prognosis
(Pyrenean Mountain Dog, Leonberg)
* Early onset Bull terrier
57
What breeds are predisposed to acquired canine laryngeal paralysis
Labrador Retreiver ++++,
Golden Retriever, saint bernard, newfoundland, irish setter, brittany spaniel
58
What percentage of dogs with lar-par have low T4t, does it impact the prognosis
30%
No causal link established
59
What are 2 toxins that cause laryngeal paralysis
- Lead
- Organophosphates
60
What is the most common cause of lar par acquise
GOLPP
61
How do you diagnose lar par
mouth exam , arythenoids + vocal fold remain paramedian during inspiration
62
What are good agents for lar par examination
propofol, alfaxan, doxapram (butor, bupre, hydro)
63
what is usually concomittant to lar par
inflammation and swelling
64
what is acute treatment of lar par and incidence of complication
temporary tracheostomy, 86% complication (aspi pneumonia, obstruction, dislogment)
65
candidates for surgery for lar par
unilateral tie back : bilateral paralysis
main complication 10-20% aspiration pneumonia
66
particularity of cats of lar par
left side, et souvent associé a un neoplasme (trauma, sx)
even if unilateral, might require surgery
67
genetic disorder of the larynx
norwich terries
68
laryngeal collapse
augmentation de la pression negative (brachycephalic)
pug (affaiblissement des cartilages)
69
3 stades de laryngeal collapse
1. eversion des sacules => resection good
2. collapse of cuneiform process into lumen
3. collapse of corniculate process
=> tracheostomy permanente
'les pugs SAC-CUNE-CORN'
70
Cause la plus frequente de la stenose laryngee
bilateral ventriculocordectomy (oral approach)
ddx: intubation, FB
71
Collapse breeds trachea
min poodle
yorkshire terrier , pomeranian, pugs, chihuahua
72
2 forms of tracheal collapse
- degenerative
- malformation tracheal en W
73
pathyphysiology tracheal degeneration
- hypocellularity
- loss of GAG et chondroitin
- loss of elastic fibers
=> DV flattening
- inflammation of mucosa + membrane dorsale (no cilia, hyperplasia glands : mucus => cough)
74
What is the treatment for tracheal collapse
1- weight loss, harness, no irritant in environement
2- anti-tussive
3- bronchodilateur (decrease of intrathoracic pressure during expi)
4- steroids : decrease of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandines, leukotriene), enhance action b2 agonists
75
Which lobes are the most frequently affected with bronchomalacia
right middle, left cranial
45-80% dogs concurrent malacia
76
herniation cervicale d'un lobe pulmonaire a ètè associèe à quoi
expiratory : collapse tracheal intra-thoracic, collapse bronchus
77
cause of tracheal granuloma
- parasites : oslerus, filaroides osleri ; cats : cuterebra
- stent
78
tracheal injury presentation
pneumomediastin, crepitement sous cut
79
bordetella mechanism in pathogencity
production toxin, disturb mucocilary escalor
80
complications with tracheal stenting
excessive inflammation tissues 30%, fractures 25%
81
complication and indication of extraluminal rings
- lar par 11-20%
- necrosis
indicated for young dogs, extrathoracic collapse
82
3 criterias dx chronic bronchitis
1. toux >2 mois
2. evidence of excessive mucus (hypersecretion)
3. pas d'autres causes respiratoires ou cardiovasculaires
83
Agents infectieux kennel cough
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
Virus : parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus-2 (HPV, CDV, coronavirus respiratory of dogs)
Mycoplasma
84
Risk factors kennel couch
young, immunosuppressed, unvaccinated, high density
85
BAL characteristic of kennel cough
coccobacilli, et cooci adhering to cilia
86
BAL of chronic bronchitis
- increased neutrophils, goblet cells, mucus, macrophages, hyperplasia of epithelial cells
87
What are spirales de Curshmann
Cylindres de mucus dans les bronchites chroniques
88
Clinical presentaiton of CB
- Sonorous cough with paroxysms of coughing following by retch
- middle age to older, small breeds
89
complications of CB
bronchomalacia, bronchiectasis
90
Predisposed breeds to eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
husky, malamutes
females over-represented
91
what is the cause of eosinophilic BP
a dominant TH2 response, witch CD4+ T cells
a manifestation of immunological hypersensitivty
92
diagnostic criteria
- exclusion of other causes
- LbA : more than 50% eosino
elevated procallengen type III aminopeptide
93
what amount of dogs have nasal discharge with BP eosinophilic
>50%
94
what % of dogs have peripheral eosinophlia with BP eosinophilic
60%
95
Prognosis
excellent, but recurrence frequent
96
Breed predisposed to Primary dyskinesia
Od english sheepdog CCDC39
97
kartagener syndrome
- rhinosinutsite
- bronchiectasis
- left to right body asymmetry
98
how to dx dyskinesia
scintigraphy
99
Other signs of dyskinesia ciliary primary
- decreased sperm motility
- infertility
- hydrocephalus
- dilation of renal tubule and fibrosis
- otitis media
100
bronchiectasis definition
destruction et dilatation of subsegment airways
101
cause of bronchiectasis
Dogs : - PCD (dyskinesia)
- chronic inflammation
- inhalation
Cats:
- chronic B
- neoplasia
- BP
102
Breeds at risk of bronchiectasis
- Cocker
- Miniature Poodle
- Siberian Husky
- English Springer spaniel
Chronic murmuring sounds everywhere
103
Diagnosis of bronchiectasis
CT : bronchoarteriolar ratio >2
lack of peripheral airway tapering
104
Definition of bronchomalacia
weakness of wall leading to collapse
105
Bronchomalacia - most commonly affected
Left cranial lung lobe
106
Bronchomalacia - 2 forms
Static : pug
dynamic : tracheal collapse (york, ppodles) +- bronchites 50%
107
dx of bronchomalacia
bronchoscopy
108
How to the differentiate CB vs Asthma
Asthma : >50% eosinophils ; > 20% eosinophils neutro WNL
Bronchitis : > 7%
109
Races over-represented in asthma
Siamese but not clear
110
x-ray anomalies in asthma cats
Hyperinsufflation, atelectasia right middle lung lobe, broncho-intestitial pattern, air trappeing
111
% of cats with eosinophilia
20%
112
What is a potential biomarker in cats in BAL
endothelin - 1
113
3 criterias for asthma
(1) reversible inflammation
(2) airway limitation
(3) airway hyperesponsiveness, spasms
114
Asthma vs. chronic bronchitis
- asthma : mediated by allergic response (IgE) after exposure to allergens, TH2 response
- chronic bronchitis : secondary to damaged airways
115
what is most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in cats
asthma (25%)
dirofilaria
116
