Resp System Flashcards
What is the purpose?
- uptake of O2, disposal of CO2 via cellular respiration where O2 is needed as the final electron acceptor in ATP production
- gas exchange
What does Resp system depend on?
Specialized system that depends on the size of the organism
Respiration is…the __ of ___
The diffusion of gases across plasma membranes
What conditions do we need for adequate respiration as primates?
A warm and moist condition internally
Gills and the Resp System
- Aquatic respiration: organs increase surface area for diffusion by extending gills (tissues), lets them extract oxygen from water at a greater level
- Organism must be kept moving to prevent stagnant O2
- Gills (external) are also easily damaged
Mammals and the Resp System
- Increase metabolic rates help produce and sustain body temperature, requiring a more efficient system
- Lungs of mammals are packed with alveoli to increase SA
FLOW OF AIR
mouth/nose-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchiole-alveoli
Are breathing and respiration the same?
No
Nostril
Nose Hair
Turbinates
Sinus
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Glottis
Nostril: conducts air into nasal cavity; purifying
Nose Hair: filters out dust and dirt from entering the tract; hair is covered in mucus
Turbinates: thin bones that decrease SA and secrete mucus; moistens air
Sinus: produce mucus that moisturizes the inside of the nose
Pharynx: connects the mouth to the throat
Epiglottis: flap of cartilage behind the tongue preventing anything BUT air from entering the trachea
Glottis: opening to the trachea
Cilated Cells help do what
Secrete mucous to trap foreign particles and propel them to be expelled
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Bronchi: 2 smaller branches in the trachea
Bronchioles: tiny subdivisions of the bronchi
Alveoli: tiny sacs (1 cm thick) at the end of bronchioles
Lungs: flexible membrane that allow for expansion and contraction
T/F: The lungs are like a balloon?
F; not hollow
Where does inspired air travel through?
The alveolus
Boyles Law
P and V are inversely proportional
Inhalation Continued Process…
Thoracic V increases with intercostal muscles and diaphragm and moves down, contraction of the muscles causes the rib cage to expand and raises the rib cage
Contraction of the diaphragm causes it to decrease and flatten
Exhalation
Relaxation of external intercostal muscles and diaphragm produces unforced exhalation
The diaphragm relaxes and moves out
External intercostals relax the ribs and volume decreases as pressure increases, letting air exit
Tidal Volume?
lung volume representing the normal volume of air that is displaced between normal inflation and exhalation when extra effort isn’t applied
Normal: around 500mL
Normal Resp Rate
12-20
What senses an increase in CO2 levels
Medulla Oblongata
What senses a decrease in O2 partial pressure
Chemoreceptors
Hypo and Hyperventilation
Hypo(when o2 is inadequate to perform gas exchange) and hyper(decreased co2 in the blood, brain signals for rapid and deep breathing)
What gives RBC its pigment and is a vital nutrient
Hemoglobin
Why is CO dangerous
it binds a lot better to hemoglobin than co2
Hemegroups are…?
4 polypeptide chains and 4 organic compounds
Blood passing through the capillaries release o2
Deoxyhemoglobin; dark red
Vessels that carry oxygenated blood are
light red
Why do veins appear blue?
It’s the colour reflected back to our eyes and the saturation and hue depends on the pigment of ones skin; veins actually carry deoxygenated blood which is dark red
Tonsilitis
Tonsil Inflammation; take them out (old idea) bc they might help remove pathogens
Laryngitis
Larynx inflammation; vocal cords can’t vibrate properly, mucus buildup and hoarse voice; NO TALKING, INCREASED FLUID INTAKE
Infectious Rhinitis (cold)
viral, contagious via droplets, NO ANTIBIOTICS NEEDED, there is no vaccine/cure
Bronchitis
Bronchi inflammation; acute: CAN BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS (Bacterial caused), may be given a puffer
chronic: cilia become damaged and can’t clear debris; quit smoking
Pneumonia
Alveoli become inflamed and fill with liquid, gas exchange is impaired and the body becomes starved for o2
Empheysema
Chronic: alveolar walls break down and lose elasticity, SA decreases and breathing is hard
Treatment: remove parts of the lung
Emphysema
Chronic: alveolar walls break down and lose elasticity, SA decreases and breathing is hard
Treatment: remove parts of the lung
Cystic Fibrosis
Genetic condition that causes the cell lining of the alveoli to secrete sticky and thicker mucus; hard to remove from the lungs…PRONE 2 INFECTIONS (moist environment 4 bacteria) no cure
Asthma
Chronic respiratory disorder, bronchi and bronchioles tighten and close to restrict air flow, puffer
Obstructive Lung Disease
can lead to lung cancer, smoking caused
Detaches and spreads elsewhere
Metastases
Lung cancer
abnormal cells multiply to form malignant tumours (carcinomas) that impede healthy lung tissue
Benign
Non cancerous growth
Malignant
Cancerous growth
