resp quiz Flashcards
what does the upper resp tract consist of?
nasal cavity
sinuses
nasopharynx
larynx
what are the three function divisions of the resp system?
conduction
transitional
exchange
what does the lower resp tract consist of?
trachea
lungs
what is the conducting system made up of?
nasal cavity
sinuses
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
what is the transitional division made up of?
bronchioles
what is the exchange division made up of?
alveoli
what are the nasal turbinates (bone), nasal septum, trachea, and bronchi (cartilage) all lined with?
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium and goblet cells which helps coat in mucus
what are the defenses of the conducting portion of the resp system?
-bony nasal turbinates (increases surface area for forge in debris to get trapped)
-normal bacterial flora (outcompete pathogenic microbial colonization)
-mucocililary appartus
-mechanisms of clearance (cough, sneeze, phagocytosis)
where does the mucociliary apparatus extend from?
bronchi to the pharynx
explain the mechanism of the mucociliary apparatus
there is a gel layer that is produced by the goblet cells and submucosal glands which is called the gel layer, that entraps the foreign debris or particles and lining the bronchial wall are cilia that are moving through the sol liquid layer that are transporting the mucus towed the pharynx to get swallowed or coughed out
what do cells in the nose, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles secrete in order for defense
secreted antimicrobial products (lysozymes, antibodies) and mucus to entrap/neutralize pathogens and make them less apt to disease
cell defense at the bronchial bifurcation
antigen presenting cells in the region phagocytose and transport particles to bronchiole-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
what are factors impairing pulmonary defense
-viral (primary cause of infection_
-toxic gases
-immunodeficiency
-other factors (endotoxemia, uremia, dehydration, etc)
what are the main routes of entry?
-aerogenous (inspired air)
-hematogenous (septicemia, bacteriemia, parasites)
-direct extensions (penetrating wounds)
what are the three congenital disease of the upper respiratory tract
palatoschisis
choanal atresia
ciliary dyskinesia
what are the anatomic features that contribute to brachycephalic airway syndrome
-stenotic nares
-elongated soft palate
-everted laryngeal saccules
-hypoplastic trachea +/- collapsed trachea
(all of these cause airway obstruction)
empyema
accumulation of pus within the guttural pouch
eustachitis
inflammation of the guttural pouch
rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal mucosa
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
catarrhal (mucoid) exudate
-thick but clear
chronic irritation, moderate injury -> goblet cell hyperplasia and submucosal glandular hyper secretion
fibrinous exudate
-tan, stringy fibrillary material on mucosa
severe tissue injury causing fibrinogen to leak from nasal vessels
purulent/suppurative exudate
-thick, yellow, opaque
infection with pyogenic organisms (bacteria) -> accumulation of neutrophils
granulomotous exudate
-nodular, more space occupying
chronic inflammation with pathogens that are resistant to phagocytosis -> accumulation of macrophages/lymphocytes/plasma cells and fibrous connective tissue
most common viral cause of canine rhinitis/canine resp disease complex
canine distemper virus
what are the two most common bacterial causes that occur secondary to the viral rhinitis of canine resp disease complex
bordetella bronchiseptica
pasturella multocida
most common fungal cause of canine rhinitis/ canine resp disease complex
aspergillus spp
multifactorial disease of canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
-crowding/mixing
-poor ventilation and stress
-predisposes infection to bordetella bronchiseptica and other viruses
what does canine infectious tracheobronchitis result in
suppurative mucopurulent rhinitis, tonsillitis -> tracheitis with goose honk cough -> can progress to bronchopneumonia
most common fungal disease in dogs
aspergillus fumigatus
what specific breed and type of dogs are affected most by the fungus aspergillus fumigatus
German Shepards and dolichocephalic breeds (long nose breeds), fungus gets trapped and can’t get out
viral causes of feline rhinitis and conjunctivitis/ feline resp disease complex
-feline calicivirus
-feline infectious rhinotracheitis (feline herpesvirus 1, FHV-1)
what are the secondary bacterial causes of feline rhinitis and conjunctivitis/ feline resp disease complex
mycoplasma felis
chlamoydophila felis
fungal cause of feline resp disease complex
cryptococcus spp
what is the most common sign of feline calicivirus
oral ulcerations
what is the most common sign of FHV-1 (feline herpes virus)
corneal ulcerations
dendritic ulcerations
(pathognomonic)
how would you describe cryptococcus neoformans/ C. gatti in cats
-gelatinous polypoid mass
-masses consist of yeast with few macrophages
-granulomatous rhinitis
-roman nose
what is the cause of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR- bovine herpesvirus 1)
mannheimia haemolytica synergism
-bacterial infection that will occur together and worsten together)
in bovine herpes virus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) what will form on the trachea to cause tracheitis
fibrinonecrotic (diphtheritic) membrane which is a layer composed of fibrin, necrosis, neutrophils lining the trachea
causes of atrophic rhinitis in pigs
co-infection with bordatella bronchispetica and toxigenic agents of pasturella multocida
(bacterial)
pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs
co-infection -> inhibits osteoblast and increase osteoclast activity -> osteopenia, atrophy, loss of nasal conchae -> septal deviation
cause of parasitic rhinitis in sheep
oestrus ovis
-myiasis infection with fly larvae in living tissues, deposits larvae in nostrils
cause of parasitic rhinitis in cats
cuterebra spp
-larvae migrate in the nasal cavity and within the trachea
what is sequela to upper respiratory disease, dehorning complication, and periodontitis/ periodontal abscess
sinusitis
common equine viral infections
-equine influenza (highly contagious)
-equine viral rhinopneumonitis (herpes viruses 1 and 4)
how does equine viral rhinopneumonitis present based on ages
-foals (4-8 months): mild respiratory disease
-mares: myeloencephalopathy and abortions
pathogenesis of equine herpes virus 1 and 4
herpes virus can remain latent in trigemical ganglia -> reactivated during time of stress and immunosuppression and shed -> aerogenous transmission to susceptible hosts
what important things run through the guttural pouch
-internal carotid, external carotid, maxillary artery
-CN VII,IX, X, XI, XII
-atlanto-occiptical joint
what species is strangles and what is the most common age group it effects
-streptococcus equi, comes from environment
-highly contagious
-most often seen in young horses
pathogenesis of strangles
aerogenous infection of nasopharyngeal mucosa -> lymphatic vessels -> mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes -> suppurative rhinitis and lymphadenitis resulting in clinical signs of cough, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis and swollen lymph nodes
what can occur in a severe case of strangles
bastard strangles
-when goes systemic (bc bacterial)
-abcess formation in organs throughout body
possible sequela of strangles
-bronchopneumonia
-nerve compression
-purpura hemorrhagica
-guttural pouch empyema +/- chondrosis (fibrin and neutrophil ball of pus)
-recovered horses can become carriers and shed
common cause of guttural pouch mycosis (fungal infection)
aspergillus fumigatus
possible sequela to guttural pouch mycosis
-guttural pouch problems
-epistaxis (thrombosis of carotid artery -> cerebral infarcts, cranial nerve deficients
what are the two non-neoplastic space occupying masses
-nasopharyngeal polyps
-ethmoid hematoma
what species is nasal neoplastic masses most prevalent
dogs» cats> horses
what is the most common nasal tumor in dogs
adenocarcinomas
what is the most common nasal tumors in horses
squamous cell carcinomas
what is the viral induced nasal carcinoma
enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV 1 and 2)
-retroviral- induced neoplasia of sheep and goats
where does the tumor from enzootic nasal tumor typically arise from
ethmoid conchae
-expands into the nasal cavity and destroying the nasal conchae causing facial distortion
where is the origin of sarcomas
mesenchymal neoplasms in the nasal cavity connective tissue, bone and cartilage
what is the most common nasal tumor of cats
nasal lymphoma
what is the secondary infection of calf diphtheria cause by
fuscobacterium necrophorum
-disease of larynx
important sequela of calf diphtheria
-death from toxemia or bacteremia
-asphyxiation
-bronchopneumonia
what is the cause of laryngeal hemiplegia
causes left-sided atrophy of the cricoidarytenoids dorsalis muscles that open and close (abduct and adduct) the arytenoid cartilages which is due left recurrent laryngeal nerve damage
in what breed does tracheal collapse occur most
middle-ages, small breed dogs
-degeneration of tracheal cartilage
what parasitic disease most commonly occurs at the tracheal bifurcation in dogs
oslerus osleri
what is a special cell type of the bronchioles
Clara or club cells
what is the function of Clara or club cells
-act like stem cells
-secrete protective factors like antimicrobials, surfactant, and mixed function oxidases
what is the predominant cells type in alveoli
-type I pneumocytes which have flattened conformation (necessary for gas exchange)
what is the structure and function of type II pneumocytes
-cuboidal
-produce surfactant
-stem cell properties, that proliferate if there is damage to the type I cells and can eventually differentiate into type I
what are the innate pulmonary defenses and susceptibility in alveoli
-have the least pulmonary defenses, most vulnerable portion of resp system
-alveolar and intravasucalr macrophages, rapid phagocytose particles
cause of heaves or recurrent airway obstruction in horses
hypersensitivity
mechanism of heaves/recurrent airway obstruction
chronic hypersensitivity reaction -> goblet cell metaplasia -> mucus plug -> smooth muscle constriction/hypertrophy
feline asthma cause
hypersensitivity , very similar to RAO in horses
what are the circulatory disturbances of the lung and what is the differences in their causes
- congestion= passive process (usually left sided heart failure)
- hyperemia= active process (acute inflammation, physiological)
what is the cause of equine exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
massive rupture of small alveolar capillaries
what are the other possible causes od pulmonary thromboembolism
-exogenous-endogenous steroids
-glomerular disease (loss of antithrombin III)
-immune mediated hemolytic anemia
-heartworm infections
-neoplasia
*lots of these are secondary to endocarditis
what are the common causes of pulmonary edema
-increase hydrostatic pressure
-increase vascular permeability
-decrease oncotic pressure
-lymphatic obstruction
-type I pneumocyte damage
define emphysema/ bullae
too much air
define atelectasis
too little air
emphysema vs bullae
-emphysema is hyperinflation of alveoli potentially leading to septal rupture and fusion of air spaces
-bullae is larger air pockets caused by obstruction and increased alveolar pressures and /or alveolar septal weaknesses
*these are usually secondary to chronic respiration
describe what goes in in atelectasis
deflation (collapse) of alveoli leading to partial or complete loss of air in alveolar spaces
-negative pressure is lost so lungs are fighting against positive pressure
how is bronchopneumonia gross appearance in the lung
cranioventral is most common
how does interstitial pneumonia diffuse in lung
caudodoral to diffuse
how is granulomatous pneumonia gross appearance in the lung
multifocal
how is embolic pneumonia gross appearance in the lung
mutifocal
-coming from the blood
what is the route of infection, cause and gross appearance present in suppurative bronchopneumonia
-gross: cranioventral, checker board patchy, suppurative exudate
-route: aerogenous
-cause: bacteria
what is the route of infection, gross appearance, and cause of fibrinous bronchopneumonia
-gross: cranioventral, abundant fibular material, pleuropneumonia
-route: aerogenous
-cause: bacteria
what is the multifactorial causes of bovine respiratory disease complex
-environmental: crowding, air quality, stress (weaning for calves, shipping adults)
-primary viral infection: bovine resp syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, parainfluenza, BHV 1
-secondary opportunistic bacterial inf: mannheimia haemolytica
what are the three main bovine reps disease complex diseases/infections
- bovine enzootic pneumonia (calf pneumonia)- high morbidity , low mortality
- pneumonic mannheimiosis (shipping fever)- low morbidity, high mortality
- mycoplasma bovis infection- bronchopneumonia and bronchlectaisis
what is the multifactorial disease of procine respiratory disease complex
-environmental factors: crowding, poor ventilation, improper waste removal, increase ammonia and dust, mixing age groups
-primary viral infection: swine influenza *zoonotic
-primary bacterial infection: mycoplasma hypopneumoniae (long term infection), actionobacillus pleuropneumoniae
-secondary opportunistic bacteria: actintobacillus suis
acinobacillus suis vs acinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
-suis: apart of the normal flora, septicemia, high morbidity and mortality
-plueropneumoniae: from environment, persistent infection, high morbidity and mortality
cause of interstitial pneumonia
cause: direct damage to alveolar/type I pneumocyte injury
-the tissue and space surrounding the space around the airsacs are damaged
gross appearance of interstitial pneumonia
-caudodorsal to diffuse
-fail to collapse when thorax open
-rib impressions on lungs
-lack of visible exudate within airways
cause (what happens anatomically) of interstitial pneumonia
direct damage to alveolar damage to alveolar type I pneumoctye injury
causes of interstitial pneumonia
-toxins: generated in lung 3-methylindole, systemic endotoxin, urea, sepsis
-viruses: influenza, herpesvirus, paramyxoviruses
-hypersensitivity reactions
-hematogenous insults
what type of pneumonia is canine distemper virus
starts as upper resp virus, then secondary bacterial
-bronchointersitial pneumonia
-mucopurulent rhinitis
secondary effects of canine distemper virus
immunosuppression causing lymphoid and thymus atrophy
-can affect skin, brain, teeth
what are unique microscopic features of canine distemper virus
-viral inclusion
-viral syncytia (multiple cells come together and become giant cell with bunch of nuclei)
what are other dog and cat viral differentials for interstitial pneumonia
pathogenesis/ casus of bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema/ atypical interstitial pneumonia
consumption of grass containing L-tryptophan-> 3-methylindole in rumen -> 3-methylindole transformed by cytochrome P450 in club cells (bronchioles -> toxic intermediate -> free radical generation -> necrosis of bronchiolar cells and type I pneumocytes -> fibrin and exudation edema emphysema
other potential causes of bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
-pneumotoxins: perilla mint= perilla ketones, moldy sweet potatoes= 4-ipomeanol
-inhaled allergens
-hypersensitivity
-inhaled toxic gas
ovine progressive pneumonia and caprine arthritis and encephalitis
-lentivirus
-long incubation
-chronic lifelong infection
-mastitis
-meningitis and encephaliitis
transmission: ingest of colostrum or milk
uremia pneumonitis/pneumonopathy
-severe kidney disease that leads to uremia
-mineralization in different sites of body including lungs and pleura
gross of uremia pneumonitis/pneumonopathy
lungs are gritty/ crunchy
palor or white areas
pleural looks like frosting
histo of uremia pneumonitis
basement membrane and vascular mineralization
rhodococcus equi
-gram positive bacteria in soil
-common young foals
-shed bacteria
-intestinal and mesenteric lymph node lesions
route: inhalation
mycobacterium bovis
-ruminants
-TB
- gram +, acid fast
-granulomoatous pneumonia
-unpasturalized milk
*zoonotic
embolic pneumonia gross, route, cause
-gross: dark red, white centers
-route: hematogenous
-cause: bacterial (need to find primary source)
where is the primary site of ostoesarcoma metastasis
lung
what type of patter is metastatic neoplasia
embolic pattern but not inflammatory process
what is the primary pulmonary neoplasia in dogs/cats
-carcinoma (adenocarcinoma
-intrapulmonary metastasis common
gross appearance of primary pulmonary neoplasia in dogs/cats
-large primary mass
-multifocal random distribution smellers similar masses throughout the other lung lobes
histo of primary pulmonary neoplasia in dogs/cats
acinar/glandualr structures
feline lung-digit syndrome
metastasis of primary pulmonary neoplasia
-metstaisi occurs frequently prior to the onset of clinical signs from the primary neoplasm
ovine pull onary adenocarcinoma
etiology: retrovirus
-ventral aspect of lung lobes
- fills in the space
granular cell tumors in horses
-typically arise from and protrudes into large airways
-can be feral or widespread
-often incidental but if becomes large enough -> bronchial obstruction and cause resp signs
pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
-cause idiopathic
-genetic predisposition; west highland terriers
equine multi nodular pulmonary fibrosis cause and etiology and distribution
-cause: infection with equine herpesvirus 5
-viral etiology start with interstitial pneumonia that progresses to be increasingly fibrotic
-caudodorsal distribution
