Resp ANAT Flashcards
How many lobes in each lung? and describe the fissures? how many segments? short/long wide/thin?
Right lung:
- 3 lobes -> superior, middle, inferior
- 2 fissures -> horizontal, oblique
- shorter and wider
- 10 bronchopulmonary segments
Left Lung:
- 2 lobes -> superior and inferior
- 1 fissure -> oblique
- longer and narrower
- 8 bronchopulmonary segments
What is the hilum? and where is the pulmonary artery in relation to the right and left hilum?
Hilum = point where important stuff enters
RALS:
R bronchus - pulmonary artery ANTERIOR to main bronchus
L bronchus - pulmonary artery SUPERIOR to main bronchus
What is the root of the lung?
Root of lung = the actual structures that enter and exit in the hilum
What are the contents of the root of the lung?
- include bronchi
- pulm arteries and veins
- lymphatics and nerves
Tracheobronchial tree
- Trachea
- Primary bronchi
- Lobar (secondary) bronchi
- Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
- Conducting bronchiole
- Terminal bronchiole
- Respiratory bronchiole
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
What does the Lobar bronchi supply?
Supplies lung lobes
What does the Segmental bronchi supply?
Supplies bronchopulmonary segments
What is the alveoli? what type of epithelium is it lined with?
= site of gas exchange
- lined with simple squamous cells
What type of epithelium is the trachea lined with?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Type 1 Pneumocyte? what are they? what are they connected by and what does this mean? what are they derived from?
= extremely thin layer of cytoplasm -> thin barrier to gas exchange
- type 1 pneumocytes are connected by tight junctions -> limit the movement of fluid
- derived from type 2 pneumocytes
Draw and label the bronchial tree?
Type 2 Pneumocytes? what do they synthesise? what can they give rise to? where are they found?
- synthesise surfactant
- give rise to type 1 pneumocytes
- found on the border of the alveoli
Ribs? What are the true, false and floating ribs?
True ribs = 1-7
false ribs = 8-10
floating ribs = 11-12
What are the sternal angle landmarks? (think RATPLANT)
R = 2nd Rib
A = Arch of aorta
T = Tracheal bifurcation
P = Pulmonary trunk bifurcation
L = Left recurrent laryngeal and Ligamentum arteriosum
A = Azygous drains into SVC
N = Nerves of cardiac plexus
T = Thoracic duct
Describe the intercostals. what are the 3 intercostal muscles? what direction do they run? what do each do? where is VAN in this?
External IC:
- INFEROANTERIOR = hands in pockets
- contract during inspiration
Internal IC:
- INFEROPOSTERIOR = hands on chest
- contract during forced expiration
Innermost IC:
- INFEROPOSTERIOR = hands on chest
- deep to the intercostal neurovascular bundle
What are the muscles that elevate the ribs (inspiration muscles) and depress the ribs (expiration muscles)?
Muscles that elevate (for inspiration):
- External intercostal
- Sternocleidomastoid muscle (lifts sternum)
- Anterior serratus
- Scalene
Muscles that depress (for expiration):
- Abdom. rectus
- Internal intercostals
Diaphragm? what is it innervated by - sensory and motor? what and where are the hiatuses? what does it do?
Motor innervation by:
- Phrenic nerve (C4, C5, C6)
Sensory innervation by:
- Phrenic nerve (central part) and intercostal (peripheral part)
Hiatuses:
- T8 = Vena cava + phrenic nerve
- T10 = Oesophagus + vagus
- T12 = Aortic hiatus (aorta, azygous, thoracic duct)
What does it do?
- descends during inspiration
- relaxes during expiration
What is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the diaphragm?
Arterial supply:
- Superior + inferior phrenic arteries (from Aorta)
Venous drainage:
- Superior + inferior phrenic veins
What are the 4 parts of the mediastinum?
- Superior mediastinum
- Anterior mediastinum
- Middle mediastinum
- Posterior mediastinum
What are the contents of the Superior Mediastinum and what separates it from the rest of the mediastinum?
What separates it:
- level of sternal angle
Contents:
- Arch of aorta + branches to head, neck & upper limb
- Superior vena cava + brachiocephalic and azygous vein
- Thymus
- Vagus, phrenic and cardiac nerves
- Trachea + oesophagus
What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?
Thymus (in children)
What are the contents of the middle mediastinum?
- Heart
- Ascending Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
- bit of SVC
- left and right phrenic nerves
What are the contents of the Posterior Mediastinum?
- Descending aorta + branches
- Oesophagus
- Azygous vein + hemiazygous veins
- Tracheal bifurcation + bronchi
- Thoracic duct
Function of pleura?
- decrease friction when breathing
Pleural innervation?
Visceral pleura:
- sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve
Parietal pleura:
- phrenic and intercostal
Parts of Parietal pleura diagram -> 4 parts
What does the pulmonary plexus contain? what do they do?
Parasympathetic:
- Bronchoconstrict smooth muscle of bronchial tree
- Vasodilate pulmonary vessels
- Secretory to glands to bronchial tree
Sympathetic:
- opposite of parasympathetic functions
Visceral afferent fibers
What arteries supply the lungs?
- Pulmonary artery ( deoxygenated blood from right ventricle)
- Bronchial artery (oxygenated blood)
What does the Pulmonary artery branch off into?
Lobar arteries -> Segmental arteries
- Artery also usually anterior aspect of each bronchus
Describe the pulmonary lymphatics. right and left side. (6 nodes)
- right side goes to right lymphatic duct
- left side goes to thoracic duct
Nerves of Thoracic region
- Sympathetic trunk
- Vagus nerve
- Phrenic nerve
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
posterior one in the picture = Sympathetic trunk
