RESP 111 A&P Part 2 Flashcards
How does ventilation differ from respiration
ventilation is mechanical and involves the movent of air.
Respiration is physiologic and involves the exchange of gases in the Alveoli.(external respiration) and in the cells ( Internal respiration)
What causes air to flow into and out of the lungs
The diaphragm
Define the terms static and dynamic
At rest , To show little to no change.
Lung elastic properties
surface tension of the alceolar fluid
These forces cause elastic recoil in the lung
what is the normal lung compliance and how do the numbers change when it improves/worsens
-Normal lung compliance is about 200 milliliters per centimeter of water pressure
- A decrease in lung compliance causes the lung to become stiffer, whereas an increase in lung compliance causes the lung to become more expandable.
What is compliance and what is elastance
Compliance is volume/pressure
Elastance is Reciprocal of compliance, Pressure/volume , lung collapse causes elastance to increase
Are large alveoli more or less likely to collapse when compared to a small one
NO
critical opening pressure is the high pressure needed to initially open a bubble by over coming surface tension
What saves the small alveoli form collapse
Surfactant
What type of cell creates surfacestant and what does surfactant do for the lung
Alveolar beta 2 cells
Finite amount of surfactant enhances ventilation
Dose length or radius have more effects on Raw
The length and radius of tubes affect the flow.
Radius (r4) much greater effect than length
What is Raw and What is the normal range
The pressure difference between the mouth and the alveoli divided by the flow rate
.5-2.5 cm H2O/L/Sec
A time constant is
Time necessary to inflate an alveolus to 60 % of potential filling capacity
What is the normal Vt,f and I:E ratio
Vt-7-9 mL/kg
F-12/20bpm
I:E-1/2
What is minute ventilation and what is the calculation for it
(AKA Minute Volume)
The amount of air that moves in 1 min. Either in or out of the lungs.
MV=VtXf
How does the equation for alveolar ventilation differ from the equation for minute ventilation and what is the definition of alveolar ventilaion
MV- Dose not include Vd in the equation
Av- Reguires it to be subtracted in the equation when determining the Vt
What is the definition of deadspace
A volume of gas that doesn’t take place in air exchange.
What are the three types of deadspace
Anatomic-Upper airways
Alveolar-non perfused alveoli
Physiologic-Sum of the above two
Normal Anatomic deadspace is
NORMALLY equal to about 1ml/lb of ideal body weight
In the upright lung, where dose more perfusion take place? Ventilation?
Near the top
What are the seven different ventilatory patterns that were reviewed and what are the definitions for each
Eupnea-normal breathing
Apnea- not breathing
Hyperpnea- breathing volume is increased with or without increased RR
Hyperventilition-Breathing off more Co2
Hypoventilition-Not breathing off enough Co2
Tachypnea-Increased RR
Dyspnea- difficulty breathing.(subjective)
Normal barametric pressure is what ? and the Is abbreviated as what
760 above sea level
BP
How dose barometric pressure change with increased and decreases in Alitude
it increases when going below altitude.and decreases when going in a higher alitude
What dose the alveolar air equation tell us
The amount of air that takes place in gas exchange at the alveoli
The partial pressure of water vapor is removed from this gas pressure.
The R factor is a constant and represents the respiratory exchange ratio.
How long dose it take to diffuse O2 and Co2 across the alveolar-capililary membrane and what causes that diffusion to decrease.
.25 Sec
decreased alveolar surface area.
decreased partial pressure of gas.
Increased alveolar capillary membrane thickness.
How much of the blood is blood cells and what is the blood hematocrit
45%
What are the four major valves in the heart
Tricuspid valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral Valve
How does the electrical signal travel through the heart
They travel travel from the sinus node to the AV node
What are the four major chambers in the heart
Right atria
Left atria
Right ventricels
Left ventricels
Be able to label both the heart chamber/valve location and the blood flow through the heart
Left ventracle
Right ventracle
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Artery
What are the TWO main arteries that provide the heart muscle with nutrients
The left and right coronary artery
What is the heart doing during systole and diastole
Systole-during ventricular contraction
Diastole-during ventricular relaxation
What is the cardiac output and what is the equation
Bloodpressure in the pulmonary and systemic vascular system
Heart rate (x) the stroke volume
What are the THREE things that affect the stroke volume
- Ventricular preload- amount in the chamber before the next contraction
- Myocardial contractility- measurement of force
3.Ventricular afterload - The amount of force nessecarry to eject the blood.
What dose rule of 4,5,6 and 7,8,9 mean
Oxygen Dissociation Cuve.
Measurement of PO2 made of plasma.
Saturation of hemoglobin made via pulse oximeter
What are shunts and shunt effects
Blood that crosses from the right to the left without exsperiencing gas exchange.
Anatonic shunt accounts for 2-5 %
atelectasis- refractory hypoxemia
Dose not respond to increased oxygenation
Define Hypoxia and Hypoxemia…Can a patient be one without the other?
Decreased oxygen available to the tissues.
Decreased Oxygen available to the blood.
NO
What is cyanosis
Blueness of the tissue
Polycythemia- the bodys response to chronic cyanosis
What is polycythemia and what causes it
the bodys response to chronic cyanosis
Thickened blood
What are the THREE function of the kidney
To regulate blood volume and pressure
Regulate electrolyte concentration
What is a normal V/Q reatio
(VQ= Ventilation perfusion)
4L a min of air and 5L per min of blood
Where is ventilation controlled in the body
Medulla Oblongata
Define the term dynamic
Relating to change or productivity
