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REsp 111 > RESP 111 A&P Part 2 > Flashcards

RESP 111 A&P Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does ventilation differ from respiration

A

ventilation is mechanical and involves the movent of air.
Respiration is physiologic and involves the exchange of gases in the Alveoli.(external respiration) and in the cells ( Internal respiration)

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2
Q

What causes air to flow into and out of the lungs

A

The diaphragm

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3
Q

Define the terms static and dynamic

A

At rest , To show little to no change.
Lung elastic properties
surface tension of the alceolar fluid
These forces cause elastic recoil in the lung

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4
Q

what is the normal lung compliance and how do the numbers change when it improves/worsens

A

-Normal lung compliance is about 200 milliliters per centimeter of water pressure
- A decrease in lung compliance causes the lung to become stiffer, whereas an increase in lung compliance causes the lung to become more expandable.

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5
Q

What is compliance and what is elastance

A

Compliance is volume/pressure
Elastance is Reciprocal of compliance, Pressure/volume , lung collapse causes elastance to increase

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6
Q

Are large alveoli more or less likely to collapse when compared to a small one

A

NO
critical opening pressure is the high pressure needed to initially open a bubble by over coming surface tension

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7
Q

What saves the small alveoli form collapse

A

Surfactant

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8
Q

What type of cell creates surfacestant and what does surfactant do for the lung

A

Alveolar beta 2 cells
Finite amount of surfactant enhances ventilation

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9
Q

Dose length or radius have more effects on Raw

A

The length and radius of tubes affect the flow.
Radius (r4) much greater effect than length

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10
Q

What is Raw and What is the normal range

A

The pressure difference between the mouth and the alveoli divided by the flow rate
.5-2.5 cm H2O/L/Sec

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11
Q

A time constant is

A

Time necessary to inflate an alveolus to 60 % of potential filling capacity

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12
Q

What is the normal Vt,f and I:E ratio

A

Vt-7-9 mL/kg
F-12/20bpm
I:E-1/2

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13
Q

What is minute ventilation and what is the calculation for it

A

(AKA Minute Volume)
The amount of air that moves in 1 min. Either in or out of the lungs.
MV=VtXf

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14
Q

How does the equation for alveolar ventilation differ from the equation for minute ventilation and what is the definition of alveolar ventilaion

A

MV- Dose not include Vd in the equation
Av- Reguires it to be subtracted in the equation when determining the Vt

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15
Q

What is the definition of deadspace

A

A volume of gas that doesn’t take place in air exchange.

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16
Q

What are the three types of deadspace

A

Anatomic-Upper airways
Alveolar-non perfused alveoli
Physiologic-Sum of the above two

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17
Q

Normal Anatomic deadspace is

A

NORMALLY equal to about 1ml/lb of ideal body weight

18
Q

In the upright lung, where dose more perfusion take place? Ventilation?

A

Near the top

19
Q

What are the seven different ventilatory patterns that were reviewed and what are the definitions for each

A

Eupnea-normal breathing
Apnea- not breathing
Hyperpnea- breathing volume is increased with or without increased RR
Hyperventilition-Breathing off more Co2
Hypoventilition-Not breathing off enough Co2
Tachypnea-Increased RR
Dyspnea- difficulty breathing.(subjective)

20
Q

Normal barametric pressure is what ? and the Is abbreviated as what

A

760 above sea level
BP

21
Q

How dose barometric pressure change with increased and decreases in Alitude

A

it increases when going below altitude.and decreases when going in a higher alitude

22
Q

What dose the alveolar air equation tell us

A

The amount of air that takes place in gas exchange at the alveoli
The partial pressure of water vapor is removed from this gas pressure.
The R factor is a constant and represents the respiratory exchange ratio.

23
Q

How long dose it take to diffuse O2 and Co2 across the alveolar-capililary membrane and what causes that diffusion to decrease.

A

.25 Sec

decreased alveolar surface area.
decreased partial pressure of gas.
Increased alveolar capillary membrane thickness.

24
Q

How much of the blood is blood cells and what is the blood hematocrit

A

45%

25
Q

What are the four major valves in the heart

A

Tricuspid valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral Valve

26
Q

How does the electrical signal travel through the heart

A

They travel travel from the sinus node to the AV node

27
Q

What are the four major chambers in the heart

A

Right atria
Left atria
Right ventricels
Left ventricels

28
Q

Be able to label both the heart chamber/valve location and the blood flow through the heart

A

Left ventracle
Right ventracle
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Artery

29
Q

What are the TWO main arteries that provide the heart muscle with nutrients

A

The left and right coronary artery

30
Q

What is the heart doing during systole and diastole

A

Systole-during ventricular contraction
Diastole-during ventricular relaxation

31
Q

What is the cardiac output and what is the equation

A

Bloodpressure in the pulmonary and systemic vascular system
Heart rate (x) the stroke volume

32
Q

What are the THREE things that affect the stroke volume

A
  1. Ventricular preload- amount in the chamber before the next contraction
  2. Myocardial contractility- measurement of force
    3.Ventricular afterload - The amount of force nessecarry to eject the blood.
33
Q

What dose rule of 4,5,6 and 7,8,9 mean

A

Oxygen Dissociation Cuve.
Measurement of PO2 made of plasma.
Saturation of hemoglobin made via pulse oximeter

34
Q

What are shunts and shunt effects

A

Blood that crosses from the right to the left without exsperiencing gas exchange.
Anatonic shunt accounts for 2-5 %
atelectasis- refractory hypoxemia
Dose not respond to increased oxygenation

35
Q

Define Hypoxia and Hypoxemia…Can a patient be one without the other?

A

Decreased oxygen available to the tissues.
Decreased Oxygen available to the blood.
NO

36
Q

What is cyanosis

A

Blueness of the tissue
Polycythemia- the bodys response to chronic cyanosis

37
Q

What is polycythemia and what causes it

A

the bodys response to chronic cyanosis
Thickened blood

38
Q

What are the THREE function of the kidney

A

To regulate blood volume and pressure
Regulate electrolyte concentration

39
Q

What is a normal V/Q reatio
(VQ= Ventilation perfusion)

A

4L a min of air and 5L per min of blood

40
Q

Where is ventilation controlled in the body

A

Medulla Oblongata

41
Q

Define the term dynamic

A

Relating to change or productivity

REsp 111 (3 decks)

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