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phys exam 3 > Resp 1 > Flashcards

Resp 1 Flashcards

1
Q

tidal volume

A

volume inspired or expired with each normal breath

500

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2
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

diaphram
externam intercostals
SCM
scalene

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3
Q

muscles of expiration

A

abdominal

internal intercostals - ribs downward/inward

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4
Q

work of breathing

A

W = P x changeV

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5
Q

inspiratory reserve volume IRV

A

volume that can be inspired over and above tidal volume

used during exercise
3000ml

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6
Q

expiratory reserve volume ERV

A

volume that can be expired after the expiration of a tidal volume
1100ml

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7
Q

residual volume

A

volume that remains in lungs after maximal expiration
cannot be measured by spirometry
1200ml

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8
Q

volumes that cannot be measured by spirometry

A

total lung capacity
functional residual capacity
residual volume

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9
Q

minute ventilation

A

tidal vol x breaths/min

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10
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal vol - dead space) x breaths/min

5,250ml/min

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11
Q

inspiratory capacity IC

A

sum of tidal volume and Inspiratory reserve volume

3500ml

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12
Q

functional residual capacity FRC

A

sum of ERV and RV

amount of air that remains in lungs at the end of a normal expiration
2300ml

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13
Q

vital capacity VC

A

sum of tidal vol, IRV, ERV

volume of air that can be forcible expired after maximal inspiration

4600ml

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14
Q

total lung capacity TLC

A

sum of all 4 lung volumes
vol in lungs after a maximal inspiration
cannot be measured by spirometry

5800ml

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15
Q

pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

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16
Q

pCO2

A

38 - 42

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17
Q

bicarb

A

22-26

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18
Q

base excess

A

+1 - -1

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19
Q

OaO2

A

95 - 100

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20
Q

resp acidosis

A

decreased pH
increased pCO2
(increased bicarb)

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21
Q

resp alkalosis

A

increased pH
decreased pCO2
(decreased bicarb)

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22
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

decreased pH
decreased bicarb
(decreased pCO2)

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23
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

increased pH
increased bicarb
(increased pCO2)

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24
Q

pO2 atm

A

.21 x 760 = 760

partial pressure of oxygen

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25
pO2 lung
FiO2 (Patm - PH2O) = 150
26
PaO2
in alveoli | FiO2 (Patm - pH2O) - PaO2/.8 = 100
27
lung vol
4L
28
SA alveoli
85m^2 tennis court
29
conditions w increased compliance
aging | emphysema
30
conditions w decreased compliance
``` pulmonary fibrosis alveolar edema altelectasis hypoventilated lung increased pulm venous pressure ```
31
Dorsal Resp Group
``` located in medulla INSPIRATION rhythm of breathing, determines when "ramp up" stops CN IX & X phrenic nerve to diaphram ```
32
Ventral Resp Group
located in medulla EXPIRATION (quiet during normal breathing) increases drive for resp during exercise
33
Hering Breuer Reflex
innspiratory inhibatory prevent overinflation, stretch in smooth muscle of airway affarant fivers in vafas, stop inspiration early
34
apneustic center
lower pons sim inspiration deep and prolonged gasp [rolonged ramp
35
pneumotaxic center
upper pons inbibits inspiration by switching off ramp (limit filling time) secondary increase RR
36
Stretch receptors
slow adapting activated by lung inflation mylenated vagal afferent COPT, increased vol, need more time to exhale, delay next inspiration
37
irritant receptors
between epithelial cells in trachea, bronchi, bronchioles rapid adapting myelinated vagal afferent cough, sneeze, bronchoconstrict (similar to asthma) noxious stim (pollon, dust)
38
J receptors
alveolar walls, close to capillaries engorgement of pulm capillaries cause rapid, shallow breathing dyspnea, abnormal SOB, edema interstitioal lung disease
39
ficks law
diffusion directly proportional to... conc gradient SA diffusion coefficient (perm/MW) inversely proportional to memb thickness
40
inspired air
PO2: 159 PCO2: 0.3 PH2O: 3.7 PN2: 597
41
expired air
PO2: 127 PCO2: 28 PH2O: 21 PN2: 584
42
In alveoli
PO2: 104 PCO2: 40 PH2O: 47 PN2: 569
43
Pulmonary Vein
(to system) PO2: 100 PCO2: 40 PH2O: 47 PN2: 573
44
Tissues
PO2: 40 PCO2: 46 PH2O: 47 PN2: 573
45
Pulmonary Artery
(from system) PO2: 40 PCo2: 46 PH2O: 47 PN2: 573
46
Oxygen solubility coefficient
0.024
47
carbon dioxide solubility coefficient
0.57 more attracted to water than O2
48
henrys law
partial pressure = conc dissolved gas/solubility coefficient
49
factors that affect the rate of diffusion
``` solubility of gas cross sectional area distance which gas must diffuse molecular weight of gas temp of fluid ```
50
2 things that change conc O2 in alveoli
1 - rate of absorption in blood | 2 - rate of O2 into lungs via ventilation
51
layers for diffusion - resp memo
1 - layer of fluid lining alveoli (surfactant) 2 - alveolar epithelial cells 3 - epithelial basement memo 4 - thin interstitial space between alveolar epithelial and cap memo 5 - capillary epithelial memb thickness of memo is 0.6micrometers total sa 70m2
52
diffusion capacity O2
21 ml/min/mmHg at rest
53
Left Shift O2-Hb Diss Curve
Increased affinity = less delivered to tissue 1 - decreased temp 2 - decreased PCo2 3 - Decreased 2, 3, DPG 4 - Increased pH (alkalosis - Bohr effect)
54
Right Shift O2-Hb Diss Curve
decreased affinity = more delivered to tissue 1 - increased temp 2 - increased PCo2 3 - Increased 2, 3 DPG 4 - Decreased pH (acidosis)
55
O2 delivery to tissue dependent on...
cardiac output Hb content of blood Ability of lung to oxygenate the blood
56
zone 1
no blood flow PA > Pa > Pv capillaries pressed flad
57
zone 2
intermittent blood flow during systole Pa > PA > Pv
58
zone 3
high, continuous flow bc cap pressure remains higher for full cycle Pa > Pv > PA
59
pulmonary circ
500ml 75ml in alveolar/cap memb
60
2 protective mechanisms of lung blood flow
1 - recruit during stress/increased demand | 2 - hypoxic vasoconstriction
61
factors affecting pulmonary circulation
1 - blood flow during exercise 2 - hypoxic vasoconstriction 3 - nitric oxide 4 - acid/base;... alkalemia vasodilates
62
alveolar ventilation rate V
4L/min
63
pulmonary blood flow Q
5L/min
64
4 causes of hypoxic state
1 - V/Q (most common) - will improve w increased FiO2 2 - hypoventilation 3 - diffusion limitation - fibrosis 4 - shunt - won't improve w increased FiO2
65
A-a gradient
over 15 bad used to compare causes of hypoxemia when normal - hypoventilation above 15 - V/Q, shunt, diffusion defect
66
alveolar gas exchange equation
PAO2 = FiO2 (Pb - Ph20) - (PACO2/R) PAO2 = .21 (760 - 47) - (40/.8) = 100
67
gases inhaled/exhaled
inhaled - O2, N2 | exhaled - O2, CO2, H2O, N2
68
end expiration
FRC - outward recoil of chest wall and inward force are equal
69
inspiration
contraction of respiratory muscles begins to dominate, assisted by chest wall recoil out, overcomes tendency of lungs to recoil
70
end inspiration
respiratory muscle contraction maintains lung expansion
71
expiration
resp muscles relax, allowing elastic recoil of lungs to deflate lungs
72
point of lowest intrapulmonary pressure
half way into inspiration
73
point of highest intrapulmonary pressure
halfway into expiration
74
3 goals of ventilation
1 - decrease work load 2 - maintain gas exchange 3 - regulate Co2 - acid/base
75
co2
40 normal 45-75 = increase in vent 75+ curve flattens out
76
V/Q = 0
no vent PO2 = 40 PCO2 = 45
77
V/Q = inf
no perfusion PO2= 149 PCO2= 0
78
V/Q = 0.8
normal PO2= 104 PCO2 = 40

phys exam 3 (2 decks)

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