Resources Flashcards
1
Q
Sweden - nuclear energy (3)
A
- Country ranks 3rd in the EU for nuclear energy production - reduce reliance on imported coal, oil and gas
- 10 nuclear reactors that supply half of its electricity
2
Q
Sweden - HEP (3)
A
- Accounts for nearly 30% of Sweden’s total energy supply and 50% of their electricity supply
- The Luleälv alone generates 10% of Sweden’s electricity
- Harspränget has a capacity of 939MW and is Sweden’s largest HEP plant
3
Q
India - coal (4)
A
- 3rd biggest coal producer and consumer
- Coal is India’s most abundant energy resource
- Mining is concentrated in the northeast and central regions
- Coal provides 55% of the energy consumed by electricity
4
Q
India - Renewables (2)
A
- Developed some HEP resources
- Wind and solar have growth potential
5
Q
India - Nuclear (2)
A
- Worlds largest source of Thorium - depend on the advance of nuclear technology
- Nuclear accounts for 3% of electricity production - by 2025 its contribution is set to double
6
Q
India - Oil (1)
A
- Oil reserves supply only 1/3 of demand
7
Q
India - Traditional Fuels (3)
A
- Importance of traditional rural economy
- 61% of India’s consumption occurs in rural area’s
- Over 1/3 rely on traditional fuels
8
Q
Nigeria - General (3)
A
- Africa’s leading oil producer
- 2005 - 131 million tonnes of oil produced - 5 million tonnes was exported
8
Q
Nigeria - Traditional economies
A
- Traditional ways of life have depended on fishing, subsistance farming, gathering forest products and crafts bases on local materials
- 23 million live in 200 communities in the 6 states that make up the Niger Delta
9
Q
Nigeria - Niger Delta (3)
A
- Contains rainforest and the 3rd largest mangrove forest in the world
- Supports over 150 species
- 60% of Africa’s fish stocks spawn in the swamps and creeks along the Delta coast
11
Q
Nigeria - The impact of oil and gas production (environmental) (4)
A
- 400 oil spills since 1958 - 500 million tonnes of crude oil in total - worth $10 million a day
- The worst is the Ogoniland - 100 oil wells, 2 oil refineries, a petrochemical complex and a fertiliser plant
- Spills cause explosions and fires releasing poisonous gases
- Some fires burn for up to 3 months
12
Q
Nigeria - The impact of oil and gas production (economic) (4)
A
- Niger Delta has received as little as 1% of the oil and gas revenues
- Local people lack basic services - most have no electricity, no running water, no access to healthcare and few functioning schools
- There have been few projects aimed at benefitting local people
- Agriculture and fishing have been gradually squeezed out
13
Q
Norway - Positive impacts of increasing energy demand (7)
A
- Oil and gas provide 1/3 of export earnings
- 80,000 people directly employed by oil related business
- 250,000 jobs are created indirectly
- Export oil and gas and use HEP themselves - 850 plants - one of the cleanest nations
- High incomes and one of the best welfare systems in the world
- Oil and gas revenues have created high living standards
- Community development is prioritised - sports, youth, transport and facilities - in both urban and rural areas
- Surplus oil revenues have been placed in a fund which has been invested abroad - now worth more than $150 billion
14
Q
Shell Oil - General (6)
A
- Operate in 140 countries
- 25 million customers everyday
- $175 billion of gross income a year
- 56,000 petrol stations
- 90,000 people employed worldwide
- 4 million barrels of oil a day
15
Q
Canadian Tarsands - Economic positives (3)
A
- Canada is an exporter of oil giving financial and energy security
- Local scale - creates 100,000 jobs in Northern Alberta - shell directly employs 3000 workers
- 2009 - shell earned nearly $1 billion from the Canadian Tarsands and gave 1/4 of the earnings in royalties to the provincial government
16
Q
Canadian Tarsands - Economic negatives (2)
A
- Recovering oil is more costly than getting it from conventional oilfields
- Sensitive to world oil prices
17
Q
Canadian Tarsands - Social positives (2)
A
- Athabasa river - downstream from the the mining the river is protected from mining and economic activities
- Communities can’t be disturbed or destroyed
18
Q
Canadian Tarsands - Social negatives (3)
A
- Abnormally high levels of cancer among First Nation people
- Mining has severely reduced the discharge of the river in the summer months - restricts the access to traditional fishing, hunting and trapping grounds for local people as the the river becomes unnavigable - stops them providing food for their families and they have nothing to sell to others
- Loss of traditional methods and cultures
18
Q
What are feed in tariffs? (Individual scale)
A
1) You generate electricity using solar panels/wind turbines
2) You are paid for every unit of electricity which you generate
3) And you can use that electricity, saving you even more money
4) And if you generate more than you use, you get paid for selling it to the national grid
19
Q
Canadian Tarsands - Environmental negatives (8)
A
- Forests and lakes are replaced by wasteland, devoid vegetation, mining pits and ponds are filled with toxic waster - causes eutrophication
- By 2010 mining had damaged 600kmsq of land
- Cadium and Mercury released into the river - poison animals and damage reproductive systems of animals and fish
- Oil spillages get on birds feathers
- Contaminated drinking water
- Water taken from the river puts pressure on wildlife
- Results in 80% more greenhouse gases than conventional oil extraction
- Less than 1/8 of the land disturbed by mining has been reclaimed
21
Q
Sustainability - National scale (6)
A
- Congestion charge on public transport
- Legislation - clean air act 1956
- Government introduced feed in tariffs
- Government investments into renewable energy
- Minimum standards on all new built homes in terms of energy efficiency
- Increased investments into nuclear energy
22
Q
California - General (4)
A
- Most populous state in the USA with 38.3 million people
- Richest state, being the 8th largest economy in the world
- $47,000 GDP per person
- Dramatic transition from being America’s largest energy consumer, to a world leader in sustainable energy
23
Q
California - Energy efficiency (7)
A
- Invested heavily in energy efficient technology - resulted in saving 12,000MW per year and avoiding the building of 5 power stations
- Energy savings from efficiency is equal to the energy required to power 3.8 million homes
- Regulations on building construction - ‘Green building’
- Efficient lighting and heating system in homes
- Energy companies rewarded if customers decrease energy use
- Each dollar spent on energy efficiency $2 are created in net benefits
- Energy efficiency reduces air pollution and has led to a 30% decrease in per capita carbon dioxide emissions
24
Q
California - Transport (3)
A
- Laws passed to ensure manufacturers introduce cleaner technologies to reduce emissions
- 2003 law –> tire efficiency program
- High levels of investment into public transport within the state
25
Q
California - Renewables (3)
A
- Rely on renewables for 10.6% of their energy
- $3 billion program to install solar panels
- Law - power generators to source 20% of its energy from renewables by 2010
26
Q
California - Altamont Pass (3)
A
- 75% of all of California’s wind generating capacity and output
- 4,900 wind turbines - maximum capacity of 576MW
- 2004 –> wind energy produced 4,258 million KWH of electricity, about 1.5% of the states total energy
27
Q
Iceland - General (2)
A
- Global energy mix in 2010 –> fossil fuels 66%, nuclear 14% and renewables 20%
- Iceland energy mix 2010 –> 72% from renewables - 54% from geothermal and 18% from HEP
28
Q
Iceland - Geothermal (2)
A
- Mid-Atlantic ridge - 32 high temperature areas - 7 geothermal plants are found here
- Geothermal is used for : space heating 54%, electricity 28%, fish farming and industry 5% and snow melting and heating swimming pools 4%
