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Human Geography > Resource Security > Flashcards

Resource Security Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a resource?

A

A stock or supply of something that has a value or purpose.

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2
Q

What is a stock resource and a flow resource?

A

Stock resource - finite number of it - takes millions of years to form.

Flow resource - Infinite - can be replenished renewed.

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of resources?

A

Inferred - Economic viability uncertain
Possible - Expected that inferred resource could become indicated with exploration

Indicated - Conditions and location of resource predicted to allow initial planning

Measured - Detailed mine planning possible.

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4
Q

What is exploration?

A

Searching an area for available resource, then upgrading resource from inferred to measured if appropriate.

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5
Q

How is economic viability of resource determined?

A

Grade of deposit - High grade more valuable, Quantity and how difficult current deposits are to exploit.

Geological structure of ground - Close to surface easier to extract
- Resistant rock more expensive to extract

Proximity to markets
- Often bulky, costs in transportation.
- More expensive materials this is less important.

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6
Q

What is a resource frontier?

A

an area where resources are brought into production for the first time.

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7
Q

What is a resource peak?

A

Time when the maximum production rate of a resource occurs - production declining in subsequent years.

Usually shows bell shape on graph, some exceptions - US Crude Oil.

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8
Q

What influences the peak production?

A
  • Availability & discovery of reserves
  • Development of new tech
  • Demand for resource
  • Grade of available resource.
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9
Q

What is sustainable resource development?

A

Long term planning ensuring extraction does not increase too quickly.

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10
Q

What is the Environmental Impact Assessment?

A

Assess possible environmental impacts of resource development project - Completed before project is approved.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of an EIA?

A

To suggest ways to mitigate / reduce impacts of a project.
- Project declined if environmental impact considered too high.

Create EIS (Environmental Impacts Statement)

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12
Q

What is included in EIA’s?

A
  • Project Descriptions
  • Alternatives
  • Description of environment
  • Environmental Impacts and mitigations
  • Non-technical summary for public
  • Research into potential impacts.
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13
Q

What is an SEIA and state a company as an example.

A

Social and Environmental Impact Assessments
Further improves upon EIA involving cost-benefit ratios.

TNC Rio Tinto

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14
Q

What is a mineral?

A

Naturally, non-organic, occurring compound formed by chemical processes (Copper, iron, diamonds)

Normally found in veins within igneous rock - sometimes requiring heat and pressure.

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15
Q

What effects has advances in tech had upon mineral demand?

A

Increased global demand
Change in trading patterns.

Global trading network formed - Tech made in Asia, sold in Europe / States.

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16
Q

How is the effects of mineral extraction being managed?

A
  • Water sprayed in mines to reduce dust pollution
  • Choosing where to and where not to mine
  • On-site processing to reduce emissions of transportation.
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17
Q

How is the effects of mineral transportation being managed?

A

Driverless trains and trucks in Rio Tinto - More efficient than humans, reduce carbon emissions.

Increasing ship capacity and using more efficient fuels.

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18
Q

How is the effect of Processing minerals being managed?

A

Rio Tinto - New process for creating aluminium - Oxygen only bi-product

Powering via solar energy

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19
Q

How has global freshwater resources changed?

How are they predicted to change in the future?

A

Freshwater resources per capita decreased from 13,200 to 6,000 cubic meters.
- 60% decrease.

Increase in water demand by up to 55% by 2050

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20
Q

What is water stress?

A

Demand for water exceeds amount of clean, non-polluted available during a period.

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21
Q

How is water stress enhanced?

A
  • Pollution from manufacturing
  • Stress from increased abstraction
  • Quality decrease through eutrophication.
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22
Q

What is water scarcity?

A

When annual renewable water supplies drop below 1000 cubic metres per capita.

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of water scarcity?

A

Economic:
- Enough water available, though un-exploitable due to economics.

Physical:
- Demand of population exceeds available water

Absolute:
- Less than 500 cubic metres per person in country.

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24
Q

Explain the spatial distribution of the 3 water scarcity types.

A

Little / no water scarcity - central/ Western Europe, North America + Canada, Russia.

Physical - North China, Southern India, Turkey and surrounding.

Economic - Southern Africa, North india.

25
Q

How is water distributed unevenly?

A

66% worlds population has access to 25% worlds annual rainfall.

Conflict limits accessibility to water sources.

26
Q

Why has water demand increased?

A
  • Population Growth
  • Socio-economic
  • Development
27
Q

Why are water supplies not meeting demand?

A
  • Aquifers over-exploited
  • Water is utilised in long-term stores quicker than it can be replenished.
  • Climate change - longer drought periods
  • Water tables decreasing
28
Q

How is the climate reducing water supply?

A
  • Seasonal variations - Monsoon season, spring snowmelt - Replenish water stores.
    El Nino events reduce water supply in some areas
    Storm events less effective at recharging underground water stores.
29
Q

How does the geology impact the water suppy?

A

Impermeable surfaces - No groundwater storage - Increases risk of drought.
Mountainous regions promote relief rainfall - Rain shadow can reduce water supply in some areas.

30
Q

How does drainage of an area impact water supply?

A

Greater drainage density - ensures consistent water supply.
Droughts upstream can reduce flow downstream.

31
Q

How can water supply be increased?

A

Storage, Diversion, Water transfer, Desalination, Catchment.

Storage - Dams, reservoirs, coffer dams

Diversion - Provide for cities & irrigation, Significant environmental impacts - Colorado river never reaching sea.

Desalination - Expensive and high energy demand, provide water for dry areas near the coast.

Catchment - Wetland restoration, Afforestation, Most sustainable way of increasing water supply.

32
Q

What are the environmental impacts of major water supply schemes?

[CASE STUDY]

A
33
Q

How can sustainable water management be met?

A
  • More efficient use of water
  • Recycling wastewater
  • GM crops
  • Plasticulture - Plastics used to reduce water usage by 50 - 70%
  • Catchment - Restore damaged lakes / wetlands
  • Reduce Leakages - 10 - 20% waste in UK
  • More efficient Appliances
  • Water meter - Reduce water use by 10 - 15%
34
Q

How much water is used per day per person?

A

141 litres

Increased to 4500+ including virtual water (water footprint)

35
Q

What is virtual water?

A

Like a water footprint

Includes how many litres of water it took to create something

E.g. 1 car takes 120000 litres of water to make

36
Q

How can someone reduce their water footprint?

A
  • Shorter showers
  • by less clothing
  • Reuse water where possible.
    Water gardens early morning / late evening - reduce water loss by evaporation.
37
Q

What is greywater recycling?

A

Process of reusing water from washing machines, showers and sinks
- Clean enough for watering plants, can be cleaned for use in toilets.

38
Q

What is virtual water trade?

A

Process of trading items which have a water footprint
- Western countries import cotton - stresses water resources in LIC counties.

  • LIC’s suffer water shortages - though are exporting large amounts of water intensive products.
39
Q

What does IWRM stand for and what is it?

A

integrated Water Resources Management

Uses river basin to holistically plan water management strategies - protect environment and ensure fair distribution of water.

40
Q

What is water conflict and how does it occur?

A

Any disagreement between countries / different groups over water resources
- Lead to protests or war.

Occurs as result of diminishing water supplies - make resource move valuable.

41
Q

What can arise from water conflict?

A

Terrorism
Development
Water shortages
Political unrest.

42
Q

What is energy mix?

A

Range and proportion of energy produced by methods of production.

Global: Dominated by fossil fuels

43
Q

What are primary energy sources and name some.

A

Production of energy from raw material.
Mainly stock resources:
- Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Uranium
Sometimes flow resources:
- Biomass, HEP

44
Q

What are secondary energy sources and name some.

A

Energy generated from modified primary energy sources
Flow resources:
Solar, Wind, Wave, Tidal, Geothermal

45
Q

Describe the global energy consumption.

A

Varies by year and time or year

Generally higher in Northern Hemisphere - More developed.

46
Q

What physical geography factors will impact a countries energy mix?

A

Geology, climate, drainage.

Larger countries - More diverse physical environment.
USA - Potential for large energy mix - Alaska oil, Arizona solar, Washington HEP

47
Q

What is considered a good energy supply?

A

Consistent and secure
Reliable year on year
Unlikely to be affected by geopolitical problems
Little risk of changing from climatic conditions / natural hazards.
Different sources - Large energy mix.

48
Q

Why are countries becoming more interconnected for energy sources?

A

More counties interdependent for energy sources - import from other countries
- Geopolitical implications:

Production - Produced where physical geography allows
Processing - Processed on site / no need for processing.
Distribution - Pipeline, transportation, crossing borders.

49
Q

How can TNC’s help with geopolitical problems?

A
  • TNC strong links may be able to compensate
  • Force governments with their economic power
50
Q

[CASE STUDY]

A
51
Q

Name some environmental impacts of energy sources.

A
  • HEP floods land and habitats
  • CO2 Emissions
  • Pipelines laid across sensitive areas.
52
Q

How is energy supply and demand expected to change over the future?

A
  • Energy will rise until peak expected between 2035 and 2050. Then expected to decrease - More efficient appliances, developing LICs
  • New energy reserves discovered over increased exploration and technology.
  • Renewable energy will double by 2035, Nuclear increase.
53
Q

What is Fracking? What are some positives and negatives of it?

A

Exploiting natural gas found in shale reserves.

Adv:
- Less polluting, boost economy.
DissAdv:
- Uses a lot of water - Wastewater needs treating.
- May pollute groundwater aquifers
- Possible low-magnitude earthquakes.

54
Q

What are some positives and negatives of Nuclear power.

A

Positives:
- 1 tone uranium == 25,000 tonnes of coal.
- Risks only of nuclear disaster, coal risks everyone with pollutants
- Tech becoming more affordable for NIC’s

Negatives
- Large-scale disasters
- Reactive waste - difficult to dispose of
- High cost, low support from public

55
Q

Name some developments of renewables.

A
  • More efficient technology - Solar panels more efficient
  • Wave power becoming more viable
  • Wind - More efficient and larger blades
56
Q

How can energy consumption be managed?

A

Energy Demand Management - Reducing overall consumption of energy, moving away from inefficient sources (coal) to more efficient (nuclear).
- Subsidies from governments.

UK climate Levy (2002) - Mandatory tax on businesses’ - Incentives to improve environmental credibility.

57
Q

What is Decentralised Energy (DE) Production?

A

DE produced away from national grid, closer to where used - Reduce energy loss during transmission.
- Maximise efficiency.
- Combined Heating and Power (CHP), provide hot water to for radiators and energy at same time.

58
Q

What is Carbon Trading?

A

Carbon emission caps introduced - If country risks breaking, they trade with another to stay below.

Introduced in the Kyoto protocol as a method to reduce GHG emissions by 5% by 2012 - Successful.

59
Q
A

Human Geography (3 decks)

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