Resource Security Flashcards
Outline the difference between an inferred and indicated resource
Indicated Reserve -
These are the parts of the reserve that have been partly measured and the measurements have estimated the quantity and quality of the resource.
Less confidence than measures reserves but more than inferred.
Estimation that has a level of confidence that makes it worthwhile to carry on evaluating the economic viability.
Usually economically viable to be extracted with more testing.
Geological evidence is adequately detailed from sampling and testing to assume the geological grade, and quality.
Inferred Reserve -
These are the resources that have been identified from limited geological sampling and knowledge of the geology of the area. The quantity and quality may be inaccurate.
Limited information and sampling from e.g. oil may be discovered through drill holes but the wider oil field is unknown.
Explain what is meant by the term water stress.
When there are concerns that the demand for water is greater than the supply of water in an area.
Or when the water quality is not good enough to be used eg, polluted.
There can be physical water stress when a country doesn’t physically have enough water eg, Western Sahara.
Economic water stress when a country cannot afford clean water eg, Lebanon.
Outline the difference between a stock and flow resource.
Stock - Finite, Non renewable, eg; oil,coal,gas
Flow - Infinite, Renewable, eg; wind, solar, HEP
Explain what is meant by the term geopolitics.
- Politics, especially international relations, are influenced by geographical factors.
- Eg, the geographical location of reserves of natural gas affects politics;
- Europe is reliant on Russia for it’s natural gas but conflict between Russia and Ukraine could affect this as Russia could shut of the gas pipeline that runs through Europe as they built the Nord Stream 2 which is a gas pipeline that is direct to Germany and bypasses Ukraine.
- This could therefore affect Europe’s energy security due to this conflict.
- So countries are interdependent on each other due to geographical factors such as for water or energy which can cause conflicts.
How can water be managed sustainably.
- Recycling water / Grey water - treating used water so that it is safe to reuses
- Greywater is a type of recycled water mostly from waste water can help limit the amount of clean water treated unnecessarily, less energy used
- Virtual water trade - the water that had been used in the production of a comedy such as during irrigation and manufacturing. These products are traded so virtual water is traded between countries
- Groundwater management - can be managed to ensure its quantity and quality. Eg, laws can be passed to prevent over extraction and allows for aquifers to recharge.
Explain the difference between primary and secondary sources of energy.
Primary:
- The raw material required for energy production eg, oil, coal, gas
Secondary:
- When primary energy is converted, it becomes secondary energy eg, wind turbines, thermal power stations
Outline what is meant by the term energy mix.
- The energy mix describes the sources of energy a country uses
- UK - 70% from gas and oil (due to high reserves in the North Sea), 10% renewable energy
- France - 70% nuclear energy
- Nigeria - 80% biomass and waste, fully renewable sources only contribute less than 1%, the rest comes from oil and gas
Outline the global patterns of water availability and demand
- Some countries have lots of water available due to climate factors eg, UK, Canada has high precipitation and moderate average temperatures.
- Some countries have less water available eg, Egypt has low precipitation and hotter average temperatures
- High demand comes from countries that use a lot of water domestically eg, Australia or for industry and agriculture eg, USA
- Low demand comes from countries such as Angola which have poor water infrastructure and high prices or Mongolia which has limited industry.
- Global demand for water is rising due to population growth and economic development.
