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Geography🌎 > resource management- paper 2 > Flashcards

resource management- paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

overview

what are the 3 main resources

A

food
water
energy

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2
Q

overview

explain how food is important for social well being
2 points
include one fact

lack of food can lead to…

A

a lack of food can lead to malnutrition which causes illness and possibly death.
malnutrition is an underlying cause of death of 2.6 million children each year

a lack of food causes food prices to increase due to increased demand so poorer people may not have access to food, or will spend more money on food and less on healthcare and education.

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3
Q

overview

explain how food is important for economic well being
2 points

a lack of food leads to…

A

a lack of food leads to malnutrition so less people are able to work so less tax is being generated so the government has less to spend on economic development.

a lack of food leads to malnutrition so the government as to spend more on healthcare so has less for education and economic development.

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4
Q

overview

explain how water is important for social well being

3 points

a lack of water means that… x3

A

a lack of water means that people are thirsty so may become ill

a lack of water might mean that people have to walk a long way to wells so lose time to work so have less money for individuals.

a lack of water might mean that people are forced to buy expensive bottled water so spend more money on water and less on healthcare and education.

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5
Q

overview

explain how water is important for economic well being

a lack of water means that… x2

A

water is required for industry so a lack of water leads to less industry so less money is made so the government have less money to spend on economic development

a lack of water means less sanitation so diseases spread so people become ill so more money spent on healthcare.

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6
Q

overview

explain how energy is important for social well being

lack of energy so … x1

A

a lack of energy means that people are unable to heat their homes so may become ill

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7
Q

overview

explain how energy is important for economic well being

lack of energy means x2

A

lack of energy means less industry so less wealth so less money for economic development.

lack of energy means that people cook on indoor wood fires so people become ill or die so less workers so less tax so government has less to spend on economic development

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8
Q

overview

give an overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of food

areas of surplus… areas of scarcity…

A

areas of surplus are countries with less extreme climates so are able to grow food. e.g. europe and north america

areas of scarcity are poorer countries so people arent able to buy food. e.g. LIC’s

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9
Q

overview

give an overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of water

areas of surplus… areas of scarcity…

A

areas of scarcity: high pressure so air sinking so clouds cannot form so less rain.

areas of surplus: areas of low pressure

however some countries have rain but cannot afford to keep the water

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10
Q

overview

give an overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of energy

areas of surplus… areas of scarcity…

A

areas of scarcity: poorer countries like sudan and chad.

areas of surplus: wealthy countries like canada and iceland. this is because they are either large or geographically lucky or are able to afford to import energy or have renewable energy potential e.g. geothermal

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11
Q

overview

how well off is the UK in terms of resources
give 3 points

A
  1. uk has access to coal, oil, natural gas and iron ore to generate energy
  2. uk has many wind, solar and hydrogenerators to generate energy
  3. uk produces different types of food like potatoes and lamb
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12
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

how have our eating habits changed?
give 3 points

A
  1. more high value foods consumed (e.g. mango and pineapple)
  2. less seasonal food
  3. eat more organic food
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13
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

why have our eating habits changed?
give 3 points

A
  1. GLOBALISATION means that food can be moved around more easily, food can be traded, technology has imporved and people are able to travel so are more culturally diverse
  2. INCREASED WEALTH so more money to spend on food
  3. EDUCATION so people know more about animal welfare and healthcare (environement, animal welfare, healthy eating, avoiding chemical residues)
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14
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

how does importing food increase the UK’s carbon footprint?

food miles

A

11% Uk carbon emissions due to food transportation
transportation often by train or lorry
–> uses fossil fuels to generate energy
–> increase carbon emissions
–> carbon foot print increases

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15
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

What are the alternatives to having food shipped to the UK?

there are 3

A
  1. use a greenhouse to grow exotic/non seasonal food
  2. avoid food that has travelled by plane, food by ship is better as it tends to be less carbon intesive
  3. eat only local seasonal food
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16
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

What are food miles

short answer

A

the distance the food travels before being consumed

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17
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

Why are food miles not so simple?

longer answer- think production, transport, spanish tomatoes

A

food emissions are dominated by their production rather than their transport. for example only 4% of total food emissions were from transport

reducing food miles and buying locally grown food does reduce transport emissions however it may largely increase production emissions

SO by eating local and seasonal food total food emissions decrease

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18
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

what is the socio-ethical issue with only eating local and seasonal food

think farmers and eco friendly

A

food miles provide incomes for farmers in Africa, South America and Asia
e.g. Kenya relies on agriculture for more than half their trade

mayve been produced in a more eco friendly way in the native country
e.g. Beans from Kenya are produced in a less carbon intesive way as it doesnt require tractors or harmful fertilisers

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19
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

what are the 3 problems of only eating locally grown food?

A
  1. energy required in production for out of season food
  2. loss of jobs in LIC’s
  3. expensive for consumer
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20
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

what is the problem with energy for buying locally grown food

A

to grow non-native or non-seasonal food in the wrong climate large amounts of energy to generate heat and light in greenhouses
e.g. even though they’d have to travel, if Sweden buys tomatoes from Spain rather than growing them locally in a greenhouse, it reduces emissions by 3.1 kg CO2e/kg

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21
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

what is the problem with costs for consumer with buying locally grown food

A

the costs of heating, labour and fertilisers have increased in the UK so locally grown food is very expensive. By buying locally grown food in the UK, food insecurity will increase as food prices increase.
in 2024 nearly 10 million adults and children lived in households struggling to afford or access sufficient food

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22
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

What is an agribusiness and what are its features?

A

definition: large firms control all stages of the process from the production of seeds to the packing of food
features: large scale, lots of machinery, lots of chemicals

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23
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

why is there a trend in the UK towards agrinusiness?

give 3 reasons

A
  1. feild sizes have increased so grow more crops so more profits
  2. more chemicals are used so increases size and number of yeild, so more profits
  3. more machines so less workers so food costs come down as food is produced more cheaply
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24
Q

UK- overview of FOOD

what are the negatives of agribusinesses?

give 3

A
  1. more chemicals are used so more chemicals end up in rivers
  2. more chemicals are used so food is less healthy
  3. more machines so less work in rural areas
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25
Q

UK- overview of WATER

why is demand for water in the uk increasing?

3 reasons + include a fact

A
  1. population increase
  2. increased household use - household use has increased by 70% since 1985
  3. increased population density- younger people in cities (industry and children)
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26
Q

UK- overview of WATER

what are the 5 causes of water pollution

A
  1. microplastics- domestic household products e.g. exfoliator
  2. sewage- water companies pumping sewage into rivers
  3. fertilisers and pesticides on farms
  4. oil spills
  5. industry- chemicals washed into rivers
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27
Q

UK- overview of WATER

what can microbacteria in sewage spread?

impacts of water pollution

A

infectious diseases that can be caught by fish, humans and animals

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28
Q

UK- overview of WATER

what do pesticides kill?

impacts of water pollution

A

important parts of the ecosystem

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29
Q

UK- overview of WATER

how can toxic waste be transferred to humans

impacts of water pollution

A

by eating shellfish or fish that have absorbed the toxins

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30
Q

UK- overview of WATER

what do more fertilisers lead to

impacts of water pollution

A

more nutrients in the water

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31
Q

UK- overview of WATER

if there are increased nutrients in the water what will happen

impacts of water pollution

A

algae will grow on the surface which reduces photosynthesis for plants under the water
this is called eutrophication

32
Q

UK- overview of WATER

who suffers most from a lack of clean water

impacts of water pollution

A

fishermen and tourist workers who rely on clean waters

33
Q

UK- overview of WATER

what are 3 solutions for managing water in the UK

A
  1. building better treatement plants and investing in new infrastructure
  2. green roofs and walls
  3. legislation
34
Q

UK- overview of WATER

what are the pros and cons of building better treatement plants and investing in new infrastructure as a solution to managing water quality in the uk?

A

advantages:
better sewage infrastructure and water mains can prevent spills and accidents

disadvantages:
however it can lead to higher water and sewage bills to pay for the investment which is a problem due to the cost of living crisis

35
Q

UK- overview of WATER

what are the pros and cons of green roofs and walls as a solution to managing water quality in the uk?

A

pros:
in cities new buildings often have green roofs which naturally filter out pollutants in rain water
offers excellent sustainable water management reducing the risk of flooding by reducing run off from the roof
combat climate change as acts as a carbon sink

cons:
more expensive than a regular roof
requires more maintenance
heavier- may require retro fitting to cope with the extra load

36
Q

UK- overview of WATER

what are the pros and cons of legislation as a solution to managing water quality in the uk?

A

pros:
strict laws in the UK ensure that factories and farms are limited to the amount and the type of discharge that they put in rivers
water companies have strict rules and penalties too
–> this reduces the risk of rivers becoming polluted

cons:
has to be enforced so regular checks are needed
fines- may not deter if changes are more expensive

37
Q

UK- overview of WATER

describe where the areas of surplus and the areas of defecit are in the UK

A

defecit–> south east and east coast and midlands
surplus –> northwest and west coast

why? lots of weather over the atlantic is stopped by mountains

38
Q

UK- overview of WATER- Elan Valley Water Transfer Scheme

where does it transfer water to and from?

A

Mid Wales in the Elan valley to Birmingham

39
Q

UK- overview of WATER- Elan Valley Water Transfer Scheme

why was it built?

A
  • areas surrounding the elan valley had a surplus of rainfall
  • valley is steep which makes the dam easier to build
  • impermeable rock means the water won’t leak away
  • area is higher than birmingham so water can flow using gravity rather than pumps
40
Q

UK- overview of WATER- Elan Valley Water Transfer Scheme

what are the issues with building dams? give pros and cons

A

pros:
resevoirs can be used for watersports
provides water security for population
can be used for HEP

cons:
dams are expensive- £6 mill
large areas of land flooded
people relocated
habitats damaged
affects fish migration

41
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

how has the UK energy mix changed?

A

in 1970 coal was the main source used to generate electricity supplying over 60%. By 2010 gas had become the no.1 source used to generate electricity

42
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

describe the UK energy mix in 1970 and explain why this was

A

describe:
mostly coal and oil used, making up about half of the mix each. a bit of nuclear energy and natural gas used

why??
the uk had many coal mines
cheap
not discovered the North Sea gas yet
technology for renewables didnt exist or was VERY expensive
climate change not on agenda

43
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

describe the UK energy mix in 2010 and explain why this was

A

describe:
larger energy mix as not reliant one one source, about 80% fossil fuels and largely natural gas. far less coal

why??
coal ran out- coal mines closed
coal doesnt burn cleanly- particulate matter- gas is 50% cleaner than coal
discovered north sea gas
new tech and cheaper
more climate aware

44
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what is fracking

small answer

A

the process of extracting natural gas from shale rock layers deep within the earth
so: creating fractures in rocks and rock formations by injecting specialized fluid into cracks to force them to open further

45
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are some points supporting fracking?

there are 3

A
  • electricity can be generated at half of the CO2 emissions of coal, and much more cheaply than other renewable resources. However renewables have no/ very little CO2 emissions
  • could largely contribute to the UK’s future energy needs–> Caudrilla claimed that 10% of gas from shale deposits in Lancanshire could supply years worth of the UK’s current gas demand
  • creates much needed employment, however only short term as it is a finite resource
46
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are some points against fracking?

there are 2

A
  • injection of fluid at high temperatures causes earth tremors. 120 tremors recorded while drilling at a site in Blackpoole , however considered minor as they were barely felt
  • allowing fracking could distract energy firms and governements from investing in renewable energy
47
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

describe the distribution of areas with existing licences for fracking in the UK

A

there is no general pattern as the areas are fairly evenly distributed across the UK. Many of the areas are coastal apart from Telford and Nottingham

48
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

why is fracking particularly important in de-industrialised areas such as Edinburgh?

A

it encourages cheap energy so factories and industries open up therefore providing jobs for locals.

49
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

What are the economic challenges of fossil fuels?

3

A

challenges:
-much of the remaining coal is in hard-to-access areas, often deep underground such as the North Sea, which is expensive to mine. also often in sensitive areas like Dorset, or populated areas like Sussex
-miners often suffer from diseases related to their jobs and emissions from fossil fuels which can cause respiratory issues, incurring a cost to health services
-costs of climate change, for example increased flooding requiring flood defences

50
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are the economic benefits of fossil fuels?

2

A
  • creation of jobs directly, in the manufacture of equipment and in support industry. money and jobs to an area = multiplier effect
  • provides lower energy costs to consumers
51
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are the environmental challenges of fossil fuels?

3

A
  • burning fossil fuels creates green house gases which contribute to climate change
  • open cast mines are unsightly, can create dust and noise, and uses large amounts of land so disturbs local wildlife and people
52
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are the economic challenges of nuclear energy?

2

A
  • enormous costs to store and transport nuclear waste and very expensive to decomission power stations
  • huge costs of building nuclear power stations
53
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are the economic opportunities of nuclear energy?

2

A
  • creates jobs in research and development for new technology in the nuclear power industry
  • after initial investement, energy generated by nuclear power is seen to be cheaper
54
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are the environmental challenges of nuclear energy?

2

A
  • nuclear accidents can lead to release of radiation in atmosphere which can have long, detrimental impacts on wildlife and people
  • the waste from nuclear power stations must be stored safely for many years to avoid contamination
55
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are the environmental opportunities of nuclear energy?

1

A

nuclear power is seen to be cleaner and less polluting than energy generated by fossil fuels

56
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are the economic challenges of renewable energy

2

A
  • high set up costs such as wind turbines and solar farms and tidal power stations, especially in remote areas which are ideal for this type of energy generation
  • the impact on the visual environment can affect tourism, reducing income and jobs
57
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are the economic opportunities of renewable energy?

1

A

many jobs are created in the manufacture of solar panels and wind turbines along with jobs in research and development

58
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are the environmental challenges of renewables?

2

A
  • wind turbines can effect bird migration patterns and bat life in the area. turbines located at sea have an impact on sea currents and on fish and bird life
  • wind turbines and the associated access roads can impact untouched areas like the scottish highlands
59
Q

UK- overview of ENERGY

what are the environmental opportunities of renewables?

3

A
  • produces much lower carbon emissions
  • offshore wind turbines can act as an artificial reef, creating habitats for marine wildlife
  • land used for sitting wind turbines can also support other uses like farming and leisure
60
Q

energy

why do we need energy?

3

A

for any type of transportation
human well-being like hospitals, schools, heating, cooking
industry

61
Q

energy

define energy security

A

energy security means having a reliable, uninterrupted and affordable supply of energy available. factors that determine supply are access to ff reserves, wealth to import and advanced technologies

62
Q

energy

where is energy secure/ has an energy surplus?

A

HICs like europe and north america

63
Q

energy

where is energy insecure/ has an energy defecit?

A

africa- central and southern
areas of south east asia

64
Q

energy

define energy consumption

A

how much energy a country uses

65
Q

energy

why is energy consumption generally highest in HIC’s?

A

this is because as wealth increases so does energy demand, people have access to more technology that uses energy and car ownership increases increasing energy consumption, on top of this more people are likely to fly on a regular basis and this uses a lot of energy

66
Q

energy

why is energy consumption only fairly high in NEE’s?

A

this is because NEE’s are countries with growing industry sectors with lots of factories which require lots of energy to run. they are also developing countries so their supply will become increasingly more available as energy infrastructure improves

67
Q

energy

why is energy consumption generally the lowest in LIC’s?

A

this is because they are mainly working in the primary sector, like subsistence farming which does not require energy as it is mostly done by animal or hand

68
Q

energy

why is the global consumption for energy increasing?

3 reasons

A
  1. population increase - there are more people using energy, predicted to be 10bn people on earth by 2050
  2. economic wealth increases - people are richer so can afford to use more energy, e.g. dishwashers, cars, plane travel
  3. new techonology - creation of more electric products available to use
    however, technological advancements can lead to the creation of more energy efficient applainces like automatic motion light bulbs
69
Q

energy

where is energy consumption increasing the most?

A

In NEE’s and LIC’s as growing population wealth leads to more people using tech, and there is an increasing population

in HIC’s generally the population is already wealthy and in some HIC’s people are becoming more environmentally aware so are reducing their energy consumption

70
Q

energy

where does our energy come from?

A

countries with geographical luck and a large landmass are more likely to have larger energy production. for example, Russia is very large and has 60% of the worlds natural gas reserves along with Qatar and Iran

countries also need to be wealthy enough to extract the fossil fuels out of the ground

71
Q

energy

list the 4 factors that affect a countries energy supply

A
  1. physical
  2. economic
  3. political
  4. technological
72
Q

energy

what are the physical factors that affect a countries energy supply

4

A
  • there is an uneven distribution of fossil fuels –> it depends on geographical luck and landmass
  • harsh climate or mountaneous terrain may make it difficult to access resources
  • some countries have better renewable energy potential than others. for example, geothermal heating meets the heating and hot water requirements for 87% of buildings in Iceland
  • liklihood of natural disasters that could damage infrastructure for energy
73
Q

energy

what are the economic factors that affect a countries energy supply

A
74
Q

energy

what are the political factors that affect a countries energy supply

A
75
Q

energy

what are the technological factors that affect a countries energy supply

A

Geography🌎 (8 decks)

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