Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VLE > Resource Allocation > Flashcards

Resource Allocation Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nhs funded?

How does it spend?

A

General taxation

Annual budget of £127 billion

NHS cannot meet need/demand for so services so decisions must be made on where to direct resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is cost benefit?

A

Cost + benefits expressed in monetary units

E.g. do I take ibuprofen (4p) now to avoid taking a more expensive drug later?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cost minimisation?

A

Compares costs of alternative treatments of equal effectiveness

E.g. should I buy drug A (5p) or drug B (£1.66) if they have the same effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cost effectiveness?

A

Ratio expressed in monetary units + consequences in natural units e.g. Death or time to pain relief

E.g. cost/minute of pain avoided.

Do I buy normal or fast acting for my headache?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is cost consequence?

A

Costs expressed in monetary units, consequences in natural units- e.g. Death or pain relief

E.g. do I take ibuprofen or a drug that is better but more expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is cost utility?

A

Ratio of costs in monetary units compared to benefit of the cost

Comparing 2 different treatments together by measuring cost benefit
E.g. I have £1 - do I buy paracetamol for my headache or tampons for my period

Cost/year of healthy life

E.g. do I buy ibuprofen for my headache or E45 for my eczema

PREFERRED BY NICE

MEASURES IN QALY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is health utility?

A

Measure of quality of life or overall health status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In RCTs we can use EuroQol-50 to assess health utility, what does it consist of ?

A

Questionaire with 5 dimensions

MOBILITY
SELF CARE
USUAL ACTIVITIES
PAIN/DISCOMFORT
ANXIETY/DEPRESSION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of NICE in resource allocation?

A

Appraisals of new drugs, procedures and techniques

Producing guidelines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a QALY?

A

Quality-adjusted life year

Can be used to measure cost in monetary units of buying one year of life imperfect health

Used by nice to measure cost utility e.g. 5yrs of life at 100% vs 10yrs of life at 50%

1 year of life in perfect health = score of 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do we calculate QALY?

A

In RCTs, measure EQ-50 at baseline + follow up after intervention

Score of 1= perfect health, score of 0= state equal to death

Range = -0.0281 to +1 so recognises a state worse than death

If QALY = 1, NHS will pay £20- £30,000 for intervention

If QALY = 0.1 NHS will pay £2000-3000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How to calculate incremental cost effectiveness Ratio (cost per QALY)

A

Cost / utility (QALY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What else informs resource allocation decisions?

A

NICE citizens council
Relevant ethical principles/values for resource allocation
Proportional equality
Ethical importance of process in decision-making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Relevant ethical principles of resource allocation?

A

UTILITARIANISM- maximising overall benefit, underlies QALY

RESPONDING TO NEED- some people may need services more, some people may have a need which is so great even if we could only benefit a small amount we would treat, even though it would be costly

FAIRNESS (EQUITY)- allocating resources in proportion to need while acknowledging the needs of everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is it important for there to be a process in decision making?

A
  • reasons agreed by all stakeholders as relevant and reasonable
  • consistency of reasoning
  • transparency of decision making
  • opportunity for appeal/review
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is proportional equality?

A

Equals should be treated equally and unequal unequally in proportion to the morally relevant differences

Hard to say what counts as a morally relevant difference e.g. NICE have different cost-effectiveness thresholds for cancer patients vs rare diseases - rare diseases cost more money so it is morally required to treat these people differently to those with common disease.

17
Q

What is health inequality?

A

in health status, experience and outcomes between population group e.g.SE satus, age, gender, ethnicity

18
Q

What is health inequity?

A

Differences in opportunity for different population groups which result in unequal life chances, access to health services, nutritious food, adequate housing etc

These can lead to health inequalities

19
Q

How can we reduce health inequalities?

A

We could use proportionate universalism = resourcing and delivering of universal services at a scale and intensity proportionate to the degree of need

Means services are universally available and are able to respond to the level of presenting need

20
Q

What is NICE citizen council?

A

30 members of the public, informs NICE about what other values need to be taken into account over and above cost effectiveness-

Eg. Accountability, dignity, justice, fairness, QOL, right to health and welfare for all,

VLE (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions