resistance to colonialism

Question 1

how did resistance impact Middle East

Answer 1

1. politicization of the workers
2. increase importance of military within politics
3. resentment towards the west

Question 2

politicisation fo the workers egypt

Answer 2

1. pappe: politicised
   ex: a. 1949 establishent of the egyptian communist organisation
   b. 1947 (al Kabur) and 1952 (al dawwar) uprisings in textile mills near the nile in order to oppose the paternalistic and corporalistic approach of the muslim borhterhood
2. Joel and Zachary: stability of government = support of workers
   ex: a. 1954 historic compromise –> adressing national requests = adressing workers too
   b. 1957 general federation of egyptian trade unions
   c. 1959 ministry of labour

Question 3

politicisation of the workers in algeria

Answer 3

pappe: 1936-1945 raise of trade unions within the french ones e.g. the general confederation fo labour

FNL encouraged trade unions –> UGTA

Question 4

evaluation fo politicisation

Answer 4

1. egyptian higher due to the face that they were more industrialized during colonialism, especially textile mills, cotton = 90 % of their export, 35,000 new workers in textile mills
2. algeria was mainly agriculture –> 8% of their gdp + 14% of workforce (part of french agricultural system)

Question 5

usage of armed forces in politics egypt - owen

Answer 5

1. 1919 riots against british not allowing egypt in the paris peace conference + self-determination
2. 1952 revolution
3. 1977 bread riots in the hailwan factory area vs termination of subsidies –> 73 people died

Question 6

usage of armed forces in politics algeria - owen

Answer 6

1. 1945 serif riots –> 180,000 french + Harkis died
2. 1962: oran massacre –> 453 pied-noir died
3. 1954-1962 war of independence –> 700,000 people died
4. fnl made by former members of the special organisation = paramilitary
5. today: 12 months 18-30 + 4.3% of gdp military expenditure + 10B$ defence budget

Question 7

evaluation usage of armed forces

Answer 7

algeria longer and mroe violent struggle, franch used political emans too to oppose the rule (Wafd party)

Question 8

resentment towards the west egypt

Answer 8

1. 1954 baghdad pact boycotting
2. 1955 czechoslovakia arms deal
3. 1956 nationalisation of suez canal

Question 9

resentment towards the west algera

Answer 9

due to:
1. 132 years of colonisation
2. push people out of lands without buying them
3. 97% of algerian population was muslim and they didnt have any status
therefore:
1970s boycott of OPEC oil to rise income and make west pay for supporting israel in 1973
nevertheless:
1963 sand war vs morocco
1965 boumediene vs ben bella –> industrialization
1991-2002 civil war

Question 10

british in egypt

Answer 10

economic: industrilisation and exportation to always meet the cotton crop worth 90% of egyptian exports
social:
1. Dinshaway crisis 1906 = unjustice / 52 arrested in Shibin al Kawan for premeditated murder
2. urbanisation –> no social welfare / 800,000 1917, 1.3M 1937, 10M 1980s

Question 11

french in algeria

Answer 11

1. french law on algerians
   only 50,000 muslim could vote
   no representation in the french national assembly
2. 27 colons = representative of the local administration
   owned 30% of the land - 2/3 of the output
3. higher taxes on muslim 70% although they produced only 20%
4. education, arabic banned –> move to other countries to learn arabic

Question 12

resistance to colonialism egypt

Answer 12

1. 1882 urabi revolt
2. 1918 establishment of the wafd part (nationalist liberal)
3. 1919 revolution
4. 1952 revolution

Question 13

resistance to colonialism algeria

Answer 13

1. 1882-1847 emir abdel –> 1837 treaty of tafna –> 1939 war –> 1947 surrender
2. 1849 lalla take over Kabylie
3. setif riots
4. war of independence 1954-1962