Reservoirs and Transmission

Question 1

Interaction between what three things is the cause of disease transmission?

Answer 1

Host, agent, and environment

Question 2

The period where microbes are replicating but not enough for the host to become infectious is called what?

Answer 2

The latent period

Question 3

The invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host is known as what?

Answer 3

Infectious disease

Question 4

A disease transmissible from one human/animal to another via direct or airborne routes

Answer 4

Contagious disease

Question 5

A disease caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne, or indirect routes from an infected/contaminated source

Answer 5

Communicable disease

Question 6

A disease transmitted from animals to humans

Answer 6

Zoonotic disease

Question 7

During what period is the microbe replicating but not symptomatic?

Answer 7

Incubation period

Question 8

The “chain of infection” includes what criteria?

Answer 8

1. A microorganism
2. Host susceptibility
3. Means of entry
4. Mode of transmission
5. Means of exit (AKA portal of exit)
6. Resevoir

Question 9

A habitat where an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies

Answer 9

A reservoir (humans, animals, or environment)

Question 10

Balanced pathogenicity causes ______ infections with __________ symptoms.

Answer 10

chronic, minimal

Question 11

Carriers of a disease that have recovered but are still infectious are called what?

Answer 11

Convalescent carriers

Question 12

An animal is a reservoir if you answer YES to all three of these questions.

Answer 12

1. Is it naturally infected with the pathogen?
2. Can that species maintain the pathogen over time?
3. Can this source transmit the disease to a new susceptible host?

Question 13

Vertical transmission is from a _________ to its _________. There are two types: _________ and __________.

Answer 13

Reservoir, offspring, congenital, perinatal

Question 14

When a pathogen is spread from a reservoir to a new host, what is it called?

Answer 14

Horizontal transmission– two types

Question 15

The spread of a pathogen directly from the reservoir to the suspectible host is called __________?

Answer 15

Direct transmission (horizontal)

Question 16

The spread of a pathogen via an sort of intermediary, inanimate or animate is called ___________?

Answer 16

Indirect transmission (horizontal)

Question 17

Skin to skin contact, contact with a reservoir, or sexual transmission is what kind of contact?

Answer 17

Direct

Question 18

Direct projection of wet, large, and short range aerosols during coughing, sneezing, orr coughing is called what?

Answer 18

Direct projection or droplet spread

Question 19

Which type of direct contact is disputed because disease agents generally do not survive for extended periods of time within aerosolized particles?

Answer 19

Airborne transmission

Question 20

What is an inanimate object that serves to communicate a disease?

Answer 20

A vehicle (can be anything)

Question 21

What is a living organism that communicates disease?

Answer 21

A vector

Question 22

What are the two types of vehicles?

Answer 22

Common vehicles - food, water, contaminated drugs

Fomites- All other objects

Question 23

What is a contaminated object that can transmit disease on a limited scale?

Answer 23

A fomite

Question 24

Most vectors are what?

Answer 24

Arthropods - fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, ants, flies

Question 25

True or false: A mechanical vector does not multiple or undergo part of its life cycle while in/on the arthropod.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Biological vectors undergo changes or multiply while inside the host, which is required for transmission. True or false?

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What are the two types of emerging diseases?

Answer 27

Previously unknown and known

Question 28

A disease that suddenly appears in a new population is called what?

Answer 28

A known disease

Question 29

A disease that suddenly appears in a population is called what?

Answer 29

An unknown disease

Question 30

Pathogen adaption and change can be attributed to: ________, __________, ____________.

Answer 30

1. Increased antibiotic resistance 2. Increased virulence via mutations 3. Evasion of host immunity

Question 31

Introduction of a new agent into a suspectible population that spreads an infectious agent is called ____________.

Answer 31

Exposure

Question 32

Determinants of pathogen emergence are: ____________?

Answer 32

Host suspectability, reservoir size and phylogenetic distance, pathogen prevalence, contact frequency, type of pathogen, and pathogen mutation/change

Question 33

The best transmission method between a reservoir and a new host within a species is called what?

Answer 33

Phylogenetic distance

Question 34

Pathogens are more like to cross between __________ related species than ____________ ones.

Answer 34

Closely, distant

Question 35

Pathogens that somehow cross between distantly related species often cause very difference, more __________ disease.

Answer 35

Severe

Question 36

A new host is more suspectible to a disease in _________.

Answer 36

Genetically similar hosts, intensive agriculture, and populations with weakened immune systems

Question 37

Factors increasing the possibility of transmission to a new host include: ________, ____________, _________.

Answer 37

Increasing abundance of the reservoir, increasing the pathogen prevalence in the reservoir, increasing contact between the reservoir and new host

Question 38

What are the four portals of entry for transboundary disease?

Answer 38

Animals/animal products, vectors, fomites, people

Question 39

Increased transmission of zoonotic diseases occurs during: ________, _____________, __________, _______.

Answer 39

Illegal animal trade/smuggling, international transport, exotic pet "swap meets", live animal markets

Question 40

Development and changing ecosystems by _______, ________, and ________ causes an increased disease transmission rate.

Answer 40

Urbanization, changing land use, climate influence

Question 41

Other factors that can increase disease transmission: __________, __________, _________, and __________.

Answer 41

Travel, tourism, animal tourism, bioterrorism