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PID- Disease Reservoirs & Transmission > Reservoirs and Transmission > Flashcards

Reservoirs and Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Interaction between what three things is the cause of disease transmission?

A

Host, agent, and environment

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2
Q

The period where microbes are replicating but not enough for the host to become infectious is called what?

A

The latent period

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3
Q

The invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host is known as what?

A

Infectious disease

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4
Q

A disease transmissible from one human/animal to another via direct or airborne routes

A

Contagious disease

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5
Q

A disease caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne, or indirect routes from an infected/contaminated source

A

Communicable disease

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6
Q

A disease transmitted from animals to humans

A

Zoonotic disease

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7
Q

During what period is the microbe replicating but not symptomatic?

A

Incubation period

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8
Q

The “chain of infection” includes what criteria?

A
  1. A microorganism
  2. Host susceptibility
  3. Means of entry
  4. Mode of transmission
  5. Means of exit (AKA portal of exit)
  6. Resevoir
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9
Q

A habitat where an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies

A

A reservoir (humans, animals, or environment)

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10
Q

Balanced pathogenicity causes ______ infections with __________ symptoms.

A

chronic, minimal

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11
Q

Carriers of a disease that have recovered but are still infectious are called what?

A

Convalescent carriers

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12
Q

An animal is a reservoir if you answer YES to all three of these questions.

A
  1. Is it naturally infected with the pathogen?
  2. Can that species maintain the pathogen over time?
  3. Can this source transmit the disease to a new susceptible host?
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13
Q

Vertical transmission is from a _________ to its _________. There are two types: _________ and __________.

A

Reservoir, offspring, congenital, perinatal

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14
Q

When a pathogen is spread from a reservoir to a new host, what is it called?

A

Horizontal transmission– two types

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15
Q

The spread of a pathogen directly from the reservoir to the suspectible host is called __________?

A

Direct transmission (horizontal)

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16
Q

The spread of a pathogen via an sort of intermediary, inanimate or animate is called ___________?

A

Indirect transmission (horizontal)

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17
Q

Skin to skin contact, contact with a reservoir, or sexual transmission is what kind of contact?

A

Direct

18
Q

Direct projection of wet, large, and short range aerosols during coughing, sneezing, orr coughing is called what?

A

Direct projection or droplet spread

19
Q

Which type of direct contact is disputed because disease agents generally do not survive for extended periods of time within aerosolized particles?

A

Airborne transmission

20
Q

What is an inanimate object that serves to communicate a disease?

A

A vehicle (can be anything)

21
Q

What is a living organism that communicates disease?

A

A vector

22
Q

What are the two types of vehicles?

A

Common vehicles - food, water, contaminated drugs

Fomites- All other objects

23
Q

What is a contaminated object that can transmit disease on a limited scale?

A

A fomite

24
Q

Most vectors are what?

A

Arthropods - fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, ants, flies

25
Q

True or false: A mechanical vector does not multiple or undergo part of its life cycle while in/on the arthropod.

A

True

26
Q

Biological vectors undergo changes or multiply while inside the host, which is required for transmission. True or false?

A

True

27
Q

What are the two types of emerging diseases?

A

Previously unknown and known

28
Q

A disease that suddenly appears in a new population is called what?

A

A known disease

29
Q

A disease that suddenly appears in a population is called what?

A

An unknown disease

30
Q

Pathogen adaption and change can be attributed to: ________, __________, ____________.

A
  1. Increased antibiotic resistance
  2. Increased virulence via mutations
  3. Evasion of host immunity
31
Q

Introduction of a new agent into a suspectible population that spreads an infectious agent is called ____________.

A

Exposure

32
Q

Determinants of pathogen emergence are: ____________?

A

Host suspectability, reservoir size and phylogenetic distance, pathogen prevalence, contact frequency, type of pathogen, and pathogen mutation/change

33
Q

The best transmission method between a reservoir and a new host within a species is called what?

A

Phylogenetic distance

34
Q

Pathogens are more like to cross between __________ related species than ____________ ones.

A

Closely, distant

35
Q

Pathogens that somehow cross between distantly related species often cause very difference, more __________ disease.

A

Severe

36
Q

A new host is more suspectible to a disease in _________.

A

Genetically similar hosts, intensive agriculture, and populations with weakened immune systems

37
Q

Factors increasing the possibility of transmission to a new host include: ________, ____________, _________.

A

Increasing abundance of the reservoir, increasing the pathogen prevalence in the reservoir, increasing contact between the reservoir and new host

38
Q

What are the four portals of entry for transboundary disease?

A

Animals/animal products, vectors, fomites, people

39
Q

Increased transmission of zoonotic diseases occurs during: ________, _____________, __________, _______.

A

Illegal animal trade/smuggling, international transport, exotic pet “swap meets”, live animal markets

40
Q

Development and changing ecosystems by _______, ________, and ________ causes an increased disease transmission rate.

A

Urbanization, changing land use, climate influence

41
Q

Other factors that can increase disease transmission: __________, __________, _________, and __________.

A

Travel, tourism, animal tourism, bioterrorism

PID- Disease Reservoirs & Transmission (1 decks)

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