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Clinical psychology > researching mental health (pack 5) > Flashcards

researching mental health (pack 5) Flashcards

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1
Q

what methods are involved in researching?

A
  1. longitudinal
  2. cross-sectional methods
  3. cross-cultural
  4. Meta- analysis
  5. primary and secondary data
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2
Q

How long does longitudinal research take?

A

over an extended period, they may last for weeks, months or even years

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3
Q

what do longitudinal studies allow us to see?

A

change and development over time in the sample being studied

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4
Q

what is the procedure of a longitudinal study?

A

a measurement of cohort at beginning of cohort (baseline data)
measured at various points throughout study
at the end there is a final measurement

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5
Q

regarding clinical psychology, what may a longitudinal study allow us to see?

A

how effective a treatment is
(POTS study)

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6
Q

what is a study that used longitudinal study method?

A

Vallentine
usefulness of group work and CBT for patients in a high security hospital

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7
Q

What are two strengths of longitudinal studies?

A
  1. Same people are used, participant variables are controlled for
  2. reliable way to measure the effect of time
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8
Q

What are two weaknesses of longitudinal studies?

A

ppts may drop out reducing sample size, so outcome is less valid

longitudinal studies take time and are expensive

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9
Q

What are cross-sectional methods?

A

when researchers take a quick snapshot of behaviour in a given population in a set period of time

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10
Q

what sort of sample will be used in cross-sectional research

A

a large sample

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11
Q

what is an example of a cross-sectional study?

A

Crawford et al

aimed to examine the quality and assessment and treatment of physical health problems in people with schizophrenia

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12
Q

Two strengths of the cross-sectional method?

A

data gathered quickly, so conclusion can be acted on more quickly

the results more likely to be valid as they will be reported at the same time when they have most application

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13
Q

two weaknesses of the cross-sectional method?

A

may be a cohort effect, looks at different people at the same time. E.G- not all age groups have been exposed to the same environments

not good for finding out the cause of something like a mental disorder

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14
Q

what is the cross-cultural method?

A

carried out when you want to compare some behaviour or attitude in different cultures

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15
Q

In relation to clinical psychology, what is a cross-cultural aim of research?

A

whether the same symptoms are shown in different groups

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16
Q

two strengths of the cross-cultural method?

A

reduce the level of ethnocentrism in studies and conclusions and can improve generalisability

cross-cultural methods aid clinicians understandings of the cultural factors involved when diagnosing

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17
Q

two weaknesses for cross-cultural data?

A

ppts will be different in different cultures, some cultures more eager to please researcher

likely to be a conflict between the cultures: values, therefore conclusions may lack validity

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18
Q

what is meta-analysis?

A

involves using the findings from different studies
e.g using secondary data

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19
Q

describe some of the procedure for meta-analysis?

A

data is polled and findings are analysed as if they were collected in one study

seek out studies from a variety of places, cultures and times

this gives an overview of results in one area to study

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20
Q

What are two strengths of meta-analysis?

A

conclusions can be drawn from a huge sample and from different areas

results can be generalised to a larger population because of the larger and wider sample

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21
Q

two weaknesses of meta-analysis?

A

researchers not involved in gathering data directly, may be unidentified issues of reliability or validity

possibility of publication bias which can impact on the validity of meta-analyses

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22
Q

what is primary data

A

gathered from the source, directly by the researcher

23
Q

examples of the use of primary data?

A

Milgram studies on obedience
Bandura studies on looking at children copying role models

24
Q

what is secondary data?

A

have already been gathered by researchers and are used by others for further research

25
Q

examples of uses of secondary data?

A

Carlsson et al
Gottesman and shields

26
Q

Two strengths of primary data?

A

operationalisation is done with the research in mind, likely to be validity with regard to the aim

more credible than secondary data, gathered on purpose with chosen research method design

27
Q

two weaknesses or primary data?

A

expensive

limited time, place and no. of ppt, whereas secondary data comes from different sources to give more range and detail

28
Q

Two strengths of secondary data?

A

Relatively cheap compared as they are already collected

can be large quantities of data, so there may be detail

29
Q

Two weaknesses of secondary data?

A

likely to be gathered to suit another aim, so may not be valid for study

when analysed originally to be presented as results, so may be subjective

30
Q

How will researchers show validity within case studies?

A

use a variety of methods to gather info on group then triangulate the data to draw conclusions

31
Q

why will the conclusions in case studies be high in validity?

A

as the focus is on real life

32
Q

what is an example of a case study in clinical psychology?

A

BRADSHAW: treating schizophrenia with CBT

33
Q

How was the case study on ‘carol’ (Bradshaw) significant?

A

it illustrates the use of a prospective case study to investigate how a course of therapy proceeds

34
Q

What was the aim of Carol’s case study?

A

to investigate how CBT can be used to treat a woman with schizophrenia

35
Q

what is method triangulation?

A

collect both quantitative and qualitative data, p & s data and use a range of research methods

36
Q

What is a strength of Carol’s case study?

A

provides lots of rich and detailed data, how he built therapeutic alliance with carol (baseball)

37
Q

what is a weakness of Carol’s case study?

A

reliability is difficult to establish as the exact circumstances are impossible to recreate/replicate

38
Q

What is a study that uses clinical interviewing?

A

Vallentine et al (2010)

39
Q

what was the aim of Vallentine’s study?

A

to study the usefulness of psycho-education within group work for offender patients in a high forensic hospital setting (broadmoor)

40
Q

what was the method used in Vallentine’s study?

A

semi structured interview technique

41
Q

what did Vallentine do following the interview?

A

a content analysis

42
Q

what conclusion can be made about semi-structured interviews from Vallentine’s study?

A

that they are useful in gathering detailed rich data which could be used to inform future practice

43
Q

what were two strengths of the use of clinical interviews in Vallentine’s study?

A
  1. gaining info from patients interviews allows them to fully express their own point of view
  2. researchers recorded their interviews to allow them to play back and check the accuracy of data they were reporting on which increases reliability
44
Q

Two weaknesses of using clinical interviewing in Vallentine’s study?

A

semi structured interviews were used may reduce the reliability of the research because the questions are not standardised

the offenders in high security institutions are likely to have severe problems and complex needs, so it may be difficult to generalise outside this population

45
Q

What is thematic analysis?

A

non-numerical data, often gathered through methods such as interviews

46
Q

In what way does thematic analysis analyse?

A

without losing meaningfulness completely but enables a vast amount of qualitative data to become more manageable, by reducing into general patterns, trends and themes

47
Q

how is thematic analysis achieved?

A

through reviewing and identifying themes in the qualitative data. It involves generating codes which can come from theory. This is usually done deductively

48
Q

what does the inductive approach aim to do?

A

develop a theory

49
Q

what does the deductive approach aim to do?

A

test an existing theory

50
Q

what are the 6 stages of thematic analysis?

A
  1. familiarising oneself with the data
  2. generating codes
  3. looking for themes in codes
  4. reviewing the themes
  5. defining and naming the themes
  6. producing the report
51
Q

what is a research example of thematic analysis?

A

Fielden used thematic analysis to investigate children’s understanding of obesity

52
Q

two strengths of thematic analysis

A

a way to maintain richness i data and yet summarising a large amount of qualitative data in a manageable way

allows insight into data which is not always anticipated by the researcher

53
Q

Two weaknesses of thematic analysis?

A

often considered unscientific, because the themes are highly dependant on the subjective opinion of the researcher and can therefore lead to researcher bias

it can be hard to find themes in data that are not driven by questions asked by the researcher in the interview

Clinical psychology (6 decks)

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