researchers

Question 1

Penelope Eckert

Answer 1

Age is defined in different ways - Social, chronological and biological. It also reflects a persons place in relation to order, stage, condition & history.

Question 2

Jenny Cheshire

Answer 2

Adult / Child language develops due to important life events that develop social relations and attitudes.

Question 3

Douglas S Bingham

Answer 3

Chronological age is influential. Important life events are most likely to occur post 18.

Question 4

Robin Lakoff

Answer 4

Politeness Principle (Don’t impose, give options & make receivers feel good).
10 assumptions for women’s language

Question 5

Erving Goffman

Answer 5

The image we present to others is called ‘Presenting Face’. If you challenge someones reputation, it is called a ‘face threatening act’

Question 6

Ignatio Martinez

Answer 6

Looked at negation in teen versus adult language. Teens used 33 negative words in every 1000 words used, while adults used 23 in every 1000 words used. Adults were also less direct.

Question 7

Anna-Brita Stenstrom

Answer 7

Looked at teen speech such as slang, overlapping, shortening of words and taboo language.

Question 8

Berland

Answer 8

‘Okay’ is commonly used by boys, but ‘innit’, ‘yeah’ and ‘right’ are used equally between boys and girls. Social class is also a big factor

Question 9

Vivian de Klerk

Answer 9

Young people seek to challenge linguistic norms and establish new identities. They need to be seen as modern, cool, fashionable, up to date, and different, which distinguishes them as members of a different social group.

Question 10

Koester

Answer 10

Interactions are transactional and interactional. Transactional involves getting something done, and interactional is serving a social purpose.

Question 11

Flairclough

Answer 11

In work conversation, there is a trend towards ‘conversationalisation’ - conversations are less formal.

Question 12

Skinner

Answer 12

Children learn language through operant conditioning.

Question 13

Keith and Shuttleworth

Question 14

Otto Jesperson

Question 15

O’Barr and Atkins

Answer 15

Courtroom study. Found that what Lakoff had said were features of ‘women’s language’ were instead general features of ‘powerless language’.

Question 16

Zimmerman and West

Question 17

Dale Spender

Question 18

Pamela Fishman

Question 19

Jennifer Coates

Question 20

Deborah Tannen

Answer 20

Difference model.
Looked at the contrasts between male and female language in different topics (status vs support, independence vs intimacy, advice vs understanding, information vs feelings, orders vs proposals and confilct vs compromise)