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Research & Inquiry > Research W7 > Flashcards

Research W7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is qualitative research

A

study of research questions about human experiences.

Conducted in natural settings. Not controlling or manipulating.

Uses data that are in words or texts instead of #’s to describe experience being studied.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of qualitative nursing methods?

A

Concept Development- develop concepts & ideas about the social world and how it works.

Theory Building - Hypothesis generation

Guide Practice - personal stories

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3
Q

What are the assumptions of qualitative research?

A
  1. Multiple realities that are socially constructed by humans. No single objective reality ( no bias, no such truth exisits)
  2. Socially constructed realitites are derived from the persons continous , ongoing interaction with their enviroment.
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4
Q

What are the “common features” in qualitative research methods?

A
  • Flexible
  • Data Collection Procedures
  • Variables
  • No control of I.V.
  • Naturalistic Setting
  • Interviews, direct observation, artifacts, documents, cultural records.
  • Bracketing
  • Self reflection
  • Makes own beliefs explicit
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5
Q

What is orientational qualitative inquiry? What are the different types?

A

An ideology directs the inquiry & research process.
Types:
FEMINIST: focus on sex gender
QUEER THEORY: also sex & gender, LGBTIQ
CRITICAL THEORY: focus on power and justice issues
POSTCOLONIAL: Focus on power and justice thru lens of legacy of the colonization of aboriginal indigenous ppls.

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6
Q

Research traditions come from what 3 disciplines?

A

Anthropology
Psychology
Sociology

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7
Q

What does Phenomenolgy look at in terms of research?

A

Asks:
what is the essence of the phenom & what it means

What does it mean to exist/be?
(time & place)

Investigates:
subjective phenom. beliving that crutial truths about reality are in ppls everyday lived experiences.

Goal: understand meanings - decipher lived experience

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8
Q

What does Phenomenolgy look at in terms of Data Sources ?

A

In depth conversations of a sampleof 10 ppl -audio taped

Written communication -respondant journaling i.e. pain journal

Answers questions like:
What is experience/ meaning of pain, grief, restlessness, bedrest…?

Trys to understand a human phenomenon, experience or condition

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9
Q

What does Phenomenolgy look at in terms of Data Making ?

A

” Bracketing” puts aside prior knowledge & experience inorder to understand the phenom percieved by the participate by:

  • Making them expicit
  • Recording- journals, field notes, memos.
  • Reflecting

Follows the conversation of the participants so the conversation & questions flow naturally.

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10
Q

What does Ethnography look at in terms of research?

A

Based on theory of culture

Developed by Anthropologists

Goal: understand culture/ “thick desription”

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11
Q

What are the assumptions of qualitative research?

A

Cultural beliefs, norms, values, behaviours are learned.

Maybe overt /known /tacit

Culture guides the way we see the world.

Context important

Answers questions about: values beliefs, & practices of a culture group. i.e. what is going on in this group? what is the social construction of a health or illness experience?

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12
Q

Define Macroethnography and Microethnography

A

Macroethnography: a community or village

Microethnography: smaller unit of community i.e. homeless shelter, unit of a hospital

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13
Q

What does Ethnography look at in terms of “Data Sources” ?

A 
Cultural Behaviour: what members do
Cultural Artifacts:  What they make and use
Cultural Speech: What they say
* Participate observation
* Field notes
* 1:1 / focus groups(25-50) 
* Policies
* Photo/ video/art
*Organizational charts , sociograms, maps, schedules etc.
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14
Q

What does Ethnography look at in terms of “Data Making” ?

A

Enthongraphers try to:

Gain entry into a group but still an outsider

Participant in social life of the group (mths-yrs)

Trys to attain some level of intimacy with the group

Keep extensive notes of what was observed and learned about aspects of the culture and recorded interviews with KEY INFORMENTS

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15
Q

What is Gounded Theory?

A

” A general methodology for developing theory that is grounded in data. Theory evolves during actual research and it does this thru continous interplay b/w sampling and data collection and analysis”

Based on symbolic interactionism

Study of social interactions

Context important-b/c social interactions based on meanings that are embedded in context.

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16
Q

What kinds of questions are asked in grounded theory?

A

Asks a process of questions about changing experience over time or its stages/phases such as:

What is the process of making a decision to stay on bed rest?

What influences PSW to use knowledge about person centered care as a basis of their practice?

17
Q

What does Grounded Theory look at in terms of “Data Sources” ?

A

Interviews ( audio taped/ transcribed verbatium 25-50 informants).

Participant Observation

Existing documents

Conversation, impression, ideas recorded in diaries & field notes

18
Q

What does Grounded Theory look at in terms of “Data Making” ?

A

Data Collecting & Sampling occur simultaneously ( constant back & forth b/w phases).

Collaboration
*participant has the “insider” view

  • Researcher is the “outsider” bringing research knowledge
  • Degree & nature of collaboration varies from simple, periodic, to indepth continous.

Interviews & Observations collected prospectivly or retrospectivly about what happened and changes that evolved.

19
Q

Define population in qualitative and quantitiative sampling

A

Entire set of indiviuals ( aka elements or sampling unit) defined by the sampling criteria establised for the study

20
Q

Define Sample Criteria

A

The descriptors used for deciding who from the population is eligable and not eligable

Its used to select the sample

21
Q

List some of the population descriptors that are determined by the researcher

A 
gender
age
marital status
education
health status
diagnoses
co-morbidities
22
Q

What is a Sampling Frame?

A

A list of every member of the target population defined by the sampling criteria established for the study

23
Q

What is Sampling?

A

The process of selecting:

A portion of subset of the population to represent the entire population as the study sample.

Representitive units (people) of a population for a study in research

24
Q

What is a Study Sample?

A

A portion of a population that gets into a study and represents the population to which the researcher generalizes his/ her study results

25
Q

Define Stratum

A

Stratum is a subset of a population defined along some characteristic such as, age ( e.g. RN/RPN, Rural/urban, teaching/ non-teaching)

26
Q

Define Elements

A

Elements are indiviual units of a population e.g. a person….also called sampling units, participants, respondants etc.

27
Q

What is Sampling Bias?

A

Characteristics of a sample that may lead to erroneous conclusions i.e. mixing up interviewing stats. RN’s = 72% RPN’s = 28% but it got recorded as RN’S = 28% and RPN’s =72% i

28
Q

List 2 sampling strategies

A

Probability and Non-Probability

29
Q

Define Probability

A

Probability is the likelyhood that something is going to happen

Everyday use: the extent in which something is likely to happen

Research use: the likelyhood that any member of the population will be selected to participte in a study

Refers to the process of how participants are selected from the population ( not how they are assigned to groups)

Probability = Random

30
Q

Define “probability sampling”

List the common types

A

Process of randomly selecting elements/participants for inclusion in the study.

Simple Random-selected from samling frame at random so = chance of being selected

Systematic - every xth of an ordered list at fixed intervals are choosen.

Stratified - uses variables in population that are critical in representation of population to define strata (sub groups/ clusters)

31
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of probability sampling?

A

Advantages: differences b/w sample and population due to chance; increased representative.

Disadvantage: may not be able to get all names, time concuming.

32
Q

Define Non-Probability

A

Every member/element of the population does not have = chance of being selected for hte study

33
Q

List/define the different types of Non-Probability sampling strategies

A

Convenience: participants in the right place at the right time. ( most common , less expensive)

Quota Sampling: stratified random sampling but not random
identify the stratum.

Purposive: conscious selction of participants (hand picked) i.e ppl with rare disease, have knowledge about phenomenon

Snowballing: ask participates to identify others who meet eligibility criteria. good for hard to find ppl.

Matched Sample: (matching): pair subjects on some extrenous variable so that end up with equivalent groups on that extrenous variable so that they could be compared on some other variable.

34
Q

What things are considered for sample studies in quantitative studies?

A

Study Charactersistics: nature of investigation, data analysis tech,sub group analysis, #variables

Population Characteristics: homogenity ( fewer ppl. needed to obtaina homogenous sample)

Measurment Issues: expected effect size ( strength of relationship b/w variables) & power analysis very important

Practical Issues: resources (time & $)

35
Q

What are some” rules of thumb:” to determine if sample size is large enough in quantitative research?

A

less than 30 is usually consisdered small

Count the # of independant variables in the study

Look for 5 ( at least) to 10 participants per independant variable ( e.g. 5 variables sample 25 to 50 close to 50 is better)

36
Q

What are some sample size considerations in qualitative studies?

A

Cannot predict exact sample size b/f start of study.

Sample size is guided by:
1. Quality of the information obtained

  1. Informational saturation of data
  2. Type of qualitative method

Research & Inquiry (2 decks)

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