Research Test Flashcards
most treatment decisions not based on systematic review of evidence
Archie Cochrane
The term “Evidence-Based Medicine” was introduced in
1992
Purpose of “Evidence-Based Medicine”:
Shift decision-making from “intuition, unsystematic clinical experience, and pathophysiologic rationale” to increase use of scientific, clinically relevant research
Decision-making is the bringing together of what three components?
- clinical expertise
- best research evidence
- patient values and preferences
Benefits of Evidence-Based Practice?
- avoid biases from clinical experience
- used vast amount of literature
- efficient use of resources
- improved clinical care
- builds confidence in treatment
- stop ineffective practices
- builds consistence within/across professions
- promotes inquiry, continual improvements
Downsides of EBP?
- may reduce treatment options (lack of funding for research)
- challenging to study complex situations and interventions
- concerns about undermining naturopathic philosophy (individualized treatments)
- doesn’t capture significance
- gold standard studies are expansion and don’t always exist
- reduced emphasis on professional judgement
Doing EBPs: 5 A’s
Ask, acquire, appraise, apply, assess
ASK: formulate an answerable research question
ACQUIRE: find the best available evidence
APPRAISE: critically appraise/evaluate the evidence
APPLY: apply the evidence by integrating with clinical expertise and patient’s values
5. ASSESS: evaluate performance
Essential to understand and critically evaluate research to apply it properly. Conclusions from research studies may reflect the truth
Critically appraise
Presentation in the media aimed at generating attention and interest rather than accuracy
T or F: all research is open to bias
TRUE
The scientific method:
- observation/question
- research topic area
- hypothesis
- test with experiment
- analyze data
- report conclusion
a measurement of the size and direction of the relationship between 2 or more variables.
correlation
height and weight, taller people tend to be heavier
positive correlation
mountain altitude and temperature, as you climb higher it gets colder
negative correlation
margarine consumption and divorce rates
RANDOM CHANCE
studies show that people how have more birthdays live longer
Reserve Causality
A relationship where one variable (independent variable) CAUSES (is responsible for the occurrence) the other (dependent variable)
Causation
decapitation causes death
causation
T or F: Generally, it is very difficult to prove a causal relationship
TRUE
days with higher ice cream sales have more cases of drowning. What is the confounding factor?
warmer weather and swimming is the confounding factor
An additional variable causes the change in the dependent variable
Confounding factors
Not all associations are causal: Associations may APPEAR causal due to:
- confounding factors
- chance
- BIAS
Anything that systematically influences the conclusion or distorts comparisons
BIAS
Systematic differences between groups
selection bias
what is selection bias likely due to?
Likely due to inadequate randomization