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Research Terms Exam 1 > Research Terms Exam 1 > Flashcards

Research Terms Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do Nurses do for research

A

THEY DO NOT teach how to research, but

they do work first hand with patients and teach how to interpret, and how to be critical thinkers.

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2
Q

5 concepts of NINR

A 
change lifestyle 
Gather technology resources 
ID effective health strategies 
Change lifestyle behaviors 
Enhance palliative care
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3
Q

Inspo for nurses and research:

A

clinical, case studies , pt experience, external sources, quality improvement, nursing literature

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4
Q

Researchers are also known as

A

investigators

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5
Q

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES USE WHAT

A

SUBJECTS

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6
Q

QUALITATIVE STUDIES USE WHAT

A

PARTICIPANTS

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7
Q

what is a sample

A

a subset of the population

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8
Q

what is a Site

A

location for the research

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9
Q

what is a setting

A

Type of places for a study

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10
Q

Constructs :

A

differ by person, theoretical, abstract, ex) pain,

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11
Q

Concept/phenomena

A

what researchers look at. Concrete type of variable,

Ex) self care

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12
Q

Theories:

A

systemic explanations for an aspect in the real world

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13
Q

Variable:

A

can take on multiple values (it varies)

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14
Q

*** quantitative studies concepts are called

A

VARIABLES

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15
Q

heterogenous:

A

groups that vary with respect to an attribute

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16
Q

Homogenous

A

little to no variation

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17
Q

Dependent variables: response to the intervention

A

the OUTCOME

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18
Q

Independent variables

A

it’s the influence on the dependent variable

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19
Q

Conceptual definition

A

describes abstract meaning of concept studied.

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20
Q

Operations definition:

A

how a variable will be measured

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21
Q

Operations definition example

A

Ex) put pain on a scale
Using an anxiety scale
Tools to answer a question
= going from an idea to a tangible thing to research

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22
Q

Data:

A

raw info collected during a study

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23
Q

Narrative data:

A

qualitative

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24
Q

Numerical data

A

quantitative

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25
Q

Relationship:

A

connection between two variables

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26
Q

Quantitative studies fins the relationship between

A

independent and dependent variables

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27
Q

Cause and effect (causal) relationship :

A

when an independent variable effects the dependent variable

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28
Q

Associative (functional relationship):

A

when the variables are related but not in a causal way.

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29
Q

Experimental studies:

A

introduces an intervention from the researchers

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30
Q

Non experimental:

A

researchers observe existing phenomena

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31
Q

Grounded theory :

A

understands key social phenomena that physiologically happen in a physical setting.

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32
Q

Phenomenology;

A

focuses on the life experiences lived by humans and what they are like.

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33
Q

Ethnography:

A

provides a framework for studying the meanings, patterns, and ways of culture in a holistic view.

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34
Q

Phases of a quantitative study:

A

1) Conceptual
2) Design/planning
3) Empirical
4) Analytic
5) Dissemination

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35
Q

What is involved in phase 1 of a quantitative study:

A 
formulating the problem 
Review related lit 
Undertake fieldwork 
Defining the framework and concept definitions
Formulate hypothesis
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36
Q

What is in step 2 of a quantitative study:

A

Select a research design
Develop protocols for the intervention
ID the population
Design sampling plan
Specify methods to measure research variables
Developing methods to safeguard human /animal rights
Review and finalize research plan

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37
Q

Phase 3 what does that entail:

A

Collect data

Prep data for analysis

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38
Q

Phase 4 what does that entail:

A

Analyze data

Interpret results

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39
Q

When analyzing data- what kind of data is quantitative:

A

statistics

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40
Q

When analyzing data- what kind is qualitative:

A

observations and focus groups

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41
Q

Phase 5 what does that entail :

A

Dissemination phase- communicate and use the findings

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42
Q

Emergent design:

A

evolves as data collection continues

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43
Q

When conceptualizing a qual study:

A

Think ethics
Lit review
Find an issue

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44
Q

Data saturation:

A

When redundancies of data is found and no new info is there

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45
Q

IMRAD FORMAT for scholarly articles:

A 
Abstract 
Intro 
Methods 
Results 
Discussion
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46
Q

Stats test:

A

procedures for testing research hypothesis and evaluation the believability of the findings

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47
Q

Stats significant:

A

findings that have a high probability of being real

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48
Q

When a nurse is choosing a topic it needs to be:

A

feasible, clinically important, researchable and of personal interest

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49
Q

When evaluating a research problem, we look at these three things:

A

Significance, researchability, feasibility

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50
Q

Statement of purpose:

A

summarized goal of the study

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51
Q

Purpose statements

A

use verbs to communicate

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52
Q

Problem statements-

A

communicate the nature, context and significance of the issue.

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53
Q

Hypothesis:

A

statement of linkage (relationships between two variables)

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54
Q

Complex hypothesis

A

includes a moderating variable

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55
Q

Moderating variable:

A

a variable that alters the strength or direction of a relationship between two variables

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56
Q

Mediating variable

A

this acts to link to variables together

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57
Q

directional hypothesis:

A

predicts the direction of the relationship

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58
Q

Nondirectional hypothesis

A

predicts the existence of relationships but not the direction

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59
Q

Null hypothesis:

A

proves no relationship between variables (absence of relationship)

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60
Q

Clinical nursing research ;

A

behavioral and biomedical

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61
Q

Clinical nursing research is diff than _____

A

Practice

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62
Q

Ethics:

A

how we ought to live and why

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63
Q

what law came form nazi germany

A

Nuremburg code

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64
Q

1978 rule

A

Common law 45l46 for kids, prisoners, and preggers

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65
Q

45CFR46 is what

A

Common law for kids, prisoners, preggos

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66
Q

CFR21 is what

A

FDA regulations

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67
Q

Belmont report :

A

beneficiece, respect for human rights, justice

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68
Q

To avoid bias we use

A

use covert data collection

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69
Q

HIPAA Justice

A

right to fair tx, right to privacy

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70
Q

Informed consent:

A

in qual studies, it may need to be updated as you go

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71
Q

informed consent:

A

content and authorization

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72
Q

Broad consent :

A

alternate to reg informed consent.

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73
Q

Cert of confidentiality makes info

A

not useable by a court if summoned for forced disclosure

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74
Q

Confidentiality procedures;

A

Anonymity, confidentiality, certification of confidentiality

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75
Q

IRB:

A

external review of study to receive funding

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76
Q

Expedited IRB happens

A

when little to no risk

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77
Q

Vulnerable:

A

anyone who can’t make a fully informed decision

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78
Q

Other ethics probs:

A

animals, falsification of data, plagiarism , fabrication of results

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79
Q

IRB team has to be made up of :

A 
One member from a similar org
One non science 
One science 
One not affiliated 
Federal CFR
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80
Q

Emergent design:

A

adapts

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81
Q

Bricoleurs:

A

quant researchers have creativity and flexibility can patch info together to get a holistic picture

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82
Q

Conceptual framework includes what:

A 
culturally informed and uses traditions to understand the concepts of methods to answer questions 
Phenomenology 
Ethnography 
Grounded theory 
Descriptive
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83
Q

Qualitative traditions:

A 
Anthro
Socio
Philosophy
History
Sociolinguistic 
Psychology
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84
Q

Ethnography:

A

culture of the group and uses extensive fieldwork that includes observation, in depth interviews and key informants

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85
Q

Ethnographers:

A

acquire an Emic perspective

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86
Q

list the three parts of Culture

A

Behavior, speech , artifacts

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87
Q

Emic;

A

someone in the culture

88
Q

Etic :

A

someone looking in at a culture (outsider)

89
Q

Key informant:

A

someone within the setting that has an Emic perspective

90
Q

Ethnonursing research:

A

nurses who refer to ethnographic studies

91
Q

Institutional ethnography

A

institutions that look at the experience of their patients, workers and people.

92
Q

Autoethnography:

A

people who do research within their place /realm

93
Q

Descriptive phenomenology( heisser) :

A

Descriptions of the human experience

94
Q

Interpretive phenomenalogy

Heidegger

A

Understanding the human experience

95
Q

Social process:

A

sociology

96
Q

Core variable;

A

BSP (basic social process)

97
Q

Constant comparison

A

-compared across different categories with same constant to understand any patterns or outliers

98
Q

Ross Grief cycle:

A 
Denile 
Anger 
Depressing 
Bargaining 
Acceptance
99
Q

Alt views of grounded theory;

A

Strauss and Corbin

100
Q

Constructivism on grounded theory;

A

Mr. Charmaz came up with this-

+new method that emphasizes interpretive aspects with shared experiences between researcher and participants

101
Q

Types of Case studies

A
  • Single or multiple

* holistic or embeddded

102
Q

Narrative analysis:

A

How people make sense of events in their lives

Ex of how to analyze; burkes paradigm

103
Q

Critical theory:

A

Critique of exiting social structures

104
Q

Critical ethnography :

A

applies to the principle of vertical theory to the study of cultures

105
Q

Participatory research;

A

produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression.

106
Q

how many participants for phenomenology

A

15ish

107
Q

how many patcicipants for grounded theory

A

20-30

108
Q

we want research within how many years

A

5!

109
Q

snwoball sampling means what

A

participants recruit their pals via word of mouth to get a bigger sample pool

110
Q

max variation sampling

A

choosing a big pool with a range of people/variation

111
Q

homogenous sampling

A

choosing a group with a small/no variation

112
Q

typical sampling

A

choosing cases that show what is typical

113
Q

extreme sampling

A

choosing cases that show what is extreme/unusual

114
Q

intensity sampling

A

choosing cases that show what is intense but not extrteme

115
Q

stratified purposeful sampling

A

choosing cases that fit within the defined strata

116
Q

reputational sampling

A

selecting cases based on a recommendation of an expert or key informant

117
Q

revelatory case sampling

A

Getting samples that in the past, haven’t been accessible due to access or scrutiny

118
Q

sampling politically important cases

A

looking for and sampling or deselecting cases that are politically sensitive

119
Q

opportunistic sampling

A

adding new cases based on changes in circumstances or adjustments to leads that develop in the field

120
Q

sampling forming and disconfirming cases

A

choosing cases that enrich or challenge the researchers conceptualizatons

121
Q

theoretical sampling

A

choosing cases based on their contribution to important constructs

122
Q

reflexivity

A

understanding your role and the bias you may have on the case/study and the impacts that follow

123
Q

ethnography key informants

A

help with getting and interpreting cultural data

124
Q

ethnography study participants need to have

A

lived the experience under study

125
Q

sampling grounded study theories

A

use emerging theory, 20-30 people

126
Q

transferability

A

the ability for the study to be generalized and used in other fields or millieus

127
Q

thick description

A

thorough descriptions of research details (needed for QUALITATIVE STUDIES) to support transferability.

128
Q

4 main field issues for qualitative studies

A

gaining trust, perp for the intensity of data collection, emotional involvement, reflexivity

129
Q

how to record the qual data

A 
tech equipment (audio recorders, cams etc.) 
must have equipment that works IN the field
130
Q

unstructured interviews

A

convo style, no real direction just needs to be based on topic of interest

131
Q

semi structured

A

Open-ended questions- a topic guide lists broad questions

132
Q

focus group interviews

A

small homologous groups used

133
Q

joint interviews

A

happen in a pair

134
Q

photo elicitation

A

use photos for reference to start convos with interviewees as the go through the study and then talk about it

135
Q

video stim recall interviews

A

have person record themselves and then revisit later in the interview to go over it

136
Q

self report narratives on the internet

A

narrative materials available on the web

137
Q

how to prep for an in depth interview

A

know culture, context, prep questions, settings etc.

138
Q

what is needed as an interviewer to get a good response

A

gain trust and develop rapport

139
Q

when gathering observational data, what 3 things get more focused over time?

A

descriptive observations, focused observations, selective observations

140
Q

types of ways to observe participants

A

single : stay in one place and watch
multiple: move around site to get multiple POVs
Mobile; follow a person around

141
Q

what should the field notes contain

A

descriptive and reflective info

142
Q

descriptive notes are what

A

detailed, objective accounts of what happened

143
Q

reflective notes are what

A

methodical notes that document thoughts, feelings etc.

144
Q

analytic notes are what

A

efforts to make sense of the data

145
Q

personal notes are

A

documenting the observer’s feelings and experiences

146
Q

qualitative data analysis rules

A

time consuming, who will do it, how much data taken, what’s final product, how formal

147
Q

many qualitative studies are inductive or deductive

A

inductive

148
Q

qualitative analysis process (time consuming)

A 
ISCI:
 immersing yourself into the data 
segmenting /coding the data 
collapsing the codes into broader categories 
integrate /develop themes, models etc.
149
Q

timing is normally what with qualitative analysis

A

concurrent

150
Q

reductionist data

A

reduce it down to get what we need and more manageable

151
Q

constructionist data

A

put it together to find themes,pattern and meaning

152
Q

data reduction happens

A

FIRST

153
Q

Codes are used to

A

ID Data within the topic

154
Q

descriptive coding

A

read through the qual data, code through it

155
Q

process coding

A

use the codes to communicate action in the data

156
Q

concept coding

A

applied to larger groups of data “lumping” - to find big picture

157
Q

in vivo coding

A

assigning a label to a section of data, using a word normally

158
Q

holistic coding

A

coding a large unit of data to get a sense of the overall content vs nitty gritty

159
Q

once qual data is coded what do we do

A

WE appy the codes to data segments and process it to analyse

160
Q

conceptual files

A

excerpts of data relevant to specific parts of codes

161
Q

what is CAQDAS why do we use it

A

computer-assisted qual data analysis software - widely used to index the data and facilitate analysis

162
Q

broad categories of code are

A

clusters connected conceptually

163
Q

Theme

A

has meaning across several categories (may have patterns)

164
Q

metaphors

A

use visual and symbolic analogies to compare

165
Q

dendrogram

A

tree diagrams showing the hierarchy of codes and categories

166
Q

incubation

A

sitting with the data over time to improve the immersion and reflection

167
Q

enthnographic analysis 4 parts

A 
D.T.C.T.
domain analysis (ID domains) 
taxonomic classification (chose domains and classify)
componential analysis (compare/contrast cultural terms among domains)
theme analysis (cultural meanings)
168
Q

The ethnonursing method

A 
C.C.S.A.
collecting data 
categorize descriptions
searching for repetitive patterns 
abstraction major themes
169
Q

Van manen’s approach for phenomenology

A

Holistic approach - text as a whole
selective approach - key statement pulled out
detailed - analyze each statement

170
Q

hermeneutic cycle

A

understanding of the whole is based on the understanding of each part

171
Q

dickelman’s team - constitutive pattern

A

relationship among themes

172
Q

banner’s approach (3 )

A

paradigm cases
thematic analysis
analysis of exemplars

173
Q

data analysis founders for formal guidelines

A

van manen, colazzi, giogi

174
Q

two codes of grounded theory based on glaser and strauss

A

substantive ( topic is conceptualized)

theoretical (higher order of topic is conceptualized)

175
Q

open coding is used to capture what is happening with the data what happens in the levels

A

level 1 - start, direct words from participant
level 2 - lev 1 gets collapsed into broader terms
level 3 - bigger picture, more abstract

176
Q

BSP is an example of

A

core category

177
Q

selective coding does what

A

deals with data relating to core categories

178
Q

theoretical coding deals with

A

helps weave coded pieces of data back together

179
Q

corbin and strauss approach (2 types)

A

open coding - categories are generated

axial coding - categories are lined and subcategories are created

180
Q

initial coding is what - who did it

A

constructivists- grounded theory approach

181
Q

Framework analysis has what parts

A 
Familiarization 
ID of initial thematic framework 
coding and indexing 
charting 
mapping
182
Q

secondary coding is what

A

codes that develop into categories

183
Q

debates w/rigor and validity

A

controversy over validity & rigor w/qualitative work saying they are qual terms

184
Q

lincoln guba framework

A 
credibility 
dependability 
confirmability 
transferability
authenticity
185
Q

ways to improve credibility

A

prolonged engagement and persistent observation

186
Q

triangulation types

A

data, method, person, time, space , inverstigator

187
Q

peer debriefing is what

A

discussing in groups what you founf

188
Q

member checking

A

** controversial - SMC, asks participants what they see/think of themes in data and results

189
Q

researcher credibility

A

examines the credibility of the researcher and authors

190
Q

how to enhance confirmability

A

audit trail or inquiry audit

191
Q

dependability is what

A

reliability - ability to replicate

192
Q

what’s a negative case analysis

A

revising interpretations to account for cases that appear to disconfirm the conclusions

193
Q

peer review does what

A

help externally validate findings

194
Q

inquiry audits do what

A

formal scrutiny with trails of docs by an external auditor

195
Q

quality enhancement strategies do what

A

how we get them to trust it

196
Q

thick description does what

A

increase credibility

197
Q

quality minded outlook includes what parts

A 
transparency 
thoroughness
diligence
verification 
reflexivity
insight
participant-driven inquiry
198
Q

what’s he key to managing many validity threats

A

control over confounding participant variables

199
Q

The key to control and avoiding bias is

A

RANDOMIZATION

200
Q

best control method is what

A

RANDOMIZATION

201
Q

types of validity

A

construct - what you are accurately assessing for
external - generalizability
internal - true cause and effect
stat conclusion validity - reasonability

202
Q

randomization

A

best way to control

203
Q

crossover

A

receive tx in diff orders, but all get same stuff in the end

204
Q

homogeneity sample control

A

eliminates variability

205
Q

strat/blocking sampling

A

equal out number of pt in each tx with similar results

206
Q

homogeneity, stratifying, matching and stat control have 2 disadvantages :

A

researchers must know which confounding variables to control
can rarely control all of them

207
Q

low stat power

A

ability to detect true relationship between variables

208
Q

low precision

A

exactness of the relationships revealed after controlling confounding variables

209
Q

interventions are enhanced through

A 
standardized tx protocols
careful training 
monitoring 
manipulation checks
steps to promote tx adherence
210
Q

internal validity pieces

A

temporal ambiguity - lack of clarity about the presumed cause
selection- pre-existing group diff
history- external events that affect outcomes
maturation- changes resulting in from time
attrition - drops
testing - pretest and post test effect data

211
Q

internal validity protocols

A

intention to treat analysis
protocol analysis
*** mantains randomization

212
Q

construct validity threats occur if

A

op construct fails
extraneous content
ex) subject recativity, researcher expectancies, novelty effects, compensatory effects, treatment diffusion .
SRNCT

213
Q

which ruling is the one that is exempt

A

ruling 46-104

214
Q

what number rule is the misconduct rule

A

CFR42-103

215
Q

bracketing

A

understanding that we have bias and setting that aside

216
Q

46-110

A

expedited review

Research Terms Exam 1 (1 decks)

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