Research Terms Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What do Nurses do for research
A
THEY DO NOT teach how to research, but
they do work first hand with patients and teach how to interpret, and how to be critical thinkers.
2
Q
5 concepts of NINR
A
change lifestyle Gather technology resources ID effective health strategies Change lifestyle behaviors Enhance palliative care
3
Q
Inspo for nurses and research:
A
clinical, case studies , pt experience, external sources, quality improvement, nursing literature
4
Q
Researchers are also known as
A
investigators
5
Q
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES USE WHAT
A
SUBJECTS
6
Q
QUALITATIVE STUDIES USE WHAT
A
PARTICIPANTS
7
Q
what is a sample
A
a subset of the population
8
Q
what is a Site
A
location for the research
9
Q
what is a setting
A
Type of places for a study
10
Q
Constructs :
A
differ by person, theoretical, abstract, ex) pain,
11
Q
Concept/phenomena
A
what researchers look at. Concrete type of variable,
Ex) self care
12
Q
Theories:
A
systemic explanations for an aspect in the real world
13
Q
Variable:
A
can take on multiple values (it varies)
14
Q
*** quantitative studies concepts are called
A
VARIABLES
15
Q
heterogenous:
A
groups that vary with respect to an attribute
16
Q
Homogenous
A
little to no variation
17
Q
Dependent variables: response to the intervention
A
the OUTCOME
18
Q
Independent variables
A
it’s the influence on the dependent variable
19
Q
Conceptual definition
A
describes abstract meaning of concept studied.
20
Q
Operations definition:
A
how a variable will be measured
21
Q
Operations definition example
A
Ex) put pain on a scale
Using an anxiety scale
Tools to answer a question
= going from an idea to a tangible thing to research
22
Q
Data:
A
raw info collected during a study
23
Q
Narrative data:
A
qualitative
24
Q
Numerical data
A
quantitative
25
Relationship:
connection between two variables
26
Quantitative studies fins the relationship between
independent and dependent variables
27
Cause and effect (causal) relationship :
when an independent variable effects the dependent variable
28
Associative (functional relationship):
when the variables are related but not in a causal way.
29
Experimental studies:
introduces an intervention from the researchers
30
Non experimental:
researchers observe existing phenomena
31
Grounded theory :
understands key social phenomena that physiologically happen in a physical setting.
32
Phenomenology;
focuses on the life experiences lived by humans and what they are like.
33
Ethnography:
provides a framework for studying the meanings, patterns, and ways of culture in a holistic view.
34
Phases of a quantitative study:
1) Conceptual
2) Design/planning
3) Empirical
4) Analytic
5) Dissemination
35
What is involved in phase 1 of a quantitative study:
```
formulating the problem
Review related lit
Undertake fieldwork
Defining the framework and concept definitions
Formulate hypothesis
```
36
What is in step 2 of a quantitative study:
Select a research design
Develop protocols for the intervention
ID the population
Design sampling plan
Specify methods to measure research variables
Developing methods to safeguard human /animal rights
Review and finalize research plan
37
Phase 3 what does that entail:
Collect data
| Prep data for analysis
38
Phase 4 what does that entail:
Analyze data
| Interpret results
39
When analyzing data- what kind of data is quantitative:
statistics
40
When analyzing data- what kind is qualitative:
observations and focus groups
41
Phase 5 what does that entail :
Dissemination phase- communicate and use the findings
42
Emergent design:
evolves as data collection continues
43
When conceptualizing a qual study:
Think ethics
Lit review
Find an issue
44
Data saturation:
When redundancies of data is found and no new info is there
45
IMRAD FORMAT for scholarly articles:
```
Abstract
Intro
Methods
Results
Discussion
```
46
Stats test:
procedures for testing research hypothesis and evaluation the believability of the findings
47
Stats significant:
findings that have a high probability of being real
48
When a nurse is choosing a topic it needs to be:
feasible, clinically important, researchable and of personal interest
49
When evaluating a research problem, we look at these three things:
Significance, researchability, feasibility
50
Statement of purpose:
summarized goal of the study
51
Purpose statements
use verbs to communicate
52
Problem statements-
communicate the nature, context and significance of the issue.
53
Hypothesis:
statement of linkage (relationships between two variables)
54
Complex hypothesis
includes a moderating variable
55
Moderating variable:
a variable that alters the strength or direction of a relationship between two variables
56
Mediating variable
this acts to link to variables together
57
directional hypothesis:
predicts the direction of the relationship
58
Nondirectional hypothesis
predicts the existence of relationships but not the direction
59
Null hypothesis:
proves no relationship between variables (absence of relationship)
60
Clinical nursing research ;
behavioral and biomedical
61
Clinical nursing research is diff than _____
Practice
62
Ethics:
how we ought to live and why
63
what law came form nazi germany
Nuremburg code
64
1978 rule
Common law 45l46 for kids, prisoners, and preggers
65
45CFR46 is what
Common law for kids, prisoners, preggos
66
CFR21 is what
FDA regulations
67
Belmont report :
beneficiece, respect for human rights, justice
68
To avoid bias we use
use covert data collection
69
HIPAA Justice
right to fair tx, right to privacy
70
Informed consent:
in qual studies, it may need to be updated as you go
71
informed consent:
content and authorization
72
Broad consent :
alternate to reg informed consent.
73
Cert of confidentiality makes info
not useable by a court if summoned for forced disclosure
74
Confidentiality procedures;
Anonymity, confidentiality, certification of confidentiality
75
IRB:
external review of study to receive funding
76
Expedited IRB happens
when little to no risk
77
Vulnerable:
anyone who can’t make a fully informed decision
78
Other ethics probs:
animals, falsification of data, plagiarism , fabrication of results
79
IRB team has to be made up of :
```
One member from a similar org
One non science
One science
One not affiliated
Federal CFR
```
80
Emergent design:
adapts
81
Bricoleurs:
quant researchers have creativity and flexibility can patch info together to get a holistic picture
82
Conceptual framework includes what:
```
culturally informed and uses traditions to understand the concepts of methods to answer questions
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Grounded theory
Descriptive
```
83
Qualitative traditions:
```
Anthro
Socio
Philosophy
History
Sociolinguistic
Psychology
```
84
Ethnography:
culture of the group and uses extensive fieldwork that includes observation, in depth interviews and key informants
85
Ethnographers:
acquire an Emic perspective
86
list the three parts of Culture
Behavior, speech , artifacts
87
Emic;
someone in the culture
88
Etic :
someone looking in at a culture (outsider)
89
Key informant:
someone within the setting that has an Emic perspective
90
Ethnonursing research:
nurses who refer to ethnographic studies
91
Institutional ethnography
institutions that look at the experience of their patients, workers and people.
92
Autoethnography:
people who do research within their place /realm
93
Descriptive phenomenology( heisser) :
Descriptions of the human experience
94
Interpretive phenomenalogy
| Heidegger
Understanding the human experience
95
Social process:
sociology
96
Core variable;
BSP (basic social process)
97
Constant comparison
-compared across different categories with same constant to understand any patterns or outliers
98
Ross Grief cycle:
```
Denile
Anger
Depressing
Bargaining
Acceptance
```
99
Alt views of grounded theory;
Strauss and Corbin
100
Constructivism on grounded theory;
Mr. Charmaz came up with this-
| +new method that emphasizes interpretive aspects with shared experiences between researcher and participants
101
Types of Case studies
* Single or multiple
| * holistic or embeddded
102
Narrative analysis:
How people make sense of events in their lives
| Ex of how to analyze; burkes paradigm
103
Critical theory:
Critique of exiting social structures
104
Critical ethnography :
applies to the principle of vertical theory to the study of cultures
105
Participatory research;
produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression.
106
how many participants for phenomenology
15ish
107
how many patcicipants for grounded theory
20-30
108
we want research within how many years
5!
109
snwoball sampling means what
participants recruit their pals via word of mouth to get a bigger sample pool
110
max variation sampling
choosing a big pool with a range of people/variation
111
homogenous sampling
choosing a group with a small/no variation
112
typical sampling
choosing cases that show what is typical
113
extreme sampling
choosing cases that show what is extreme/unusual
114
intensity sampling
choosing cases that show what is intense but not extrteme
115
stratified purposeful sampling
choosing cases that fit within the defined strata
116
reputational sampling
selecting cases based on a recommendation of an expert or key informant
117
revelatory case sampling
Getting samples that in the past, haven't been accessible due to access or scrutiny
118
sampling politically important cases
looking for and sampling or deselecting cases that are politically sensitive
119
opportunistic sampling
adding new cases based on changes in circumstances or adjustments to leads that develop in the field
120
sampling forming and disconfirming cases
choosing cases that enrich or challenge the researchers conceptualizatons
121
theoretical sampling
choosing cases based on their contribution to important constructs
122
reflexivity
understanding your role and the bias you may have on the case/study and the impacts that follow
123
ethnography key informants
help with getting and interpreting cultural data
124
ethnography study participants need to have
lived the experience under study
125
sampling grounded study theories
use emerging theory, 20-30 people
126
transferability
the ability for the study to be generalized and used in other fields or millieus
127
thick description
thorough descriptions of research details (needed for QUALITATIVE STUDIES) to support transferability.
128
4 main field issues for qualitative studies
gaining trust, perp for the intensity of data collection, emotional involvement, reflexivity
129
how to record the qual data
```
tech equipment (audio recorders, cams etc.)
must have equipment that works IN the field
```
130
unstructured interviews
convo style, no real direction just needs to be based on topic of interest
131
semi structured
Open-ended questions- a topic guide lists broad questions
132
focus group interviews
small homologous groups used
133
joint interviews
happen in a pair
134
photo elicitation
use photos for reference to start convos with interviewees as the go through the study and then talk about it
135
video stim recall interviews
have person record themselves and then revisit later in the interview to go over it
136
self report narratives on the internet
narrative materials available on the web
137
how to prep for an in depth interview
know culture, context, prep questions, settings etc.
138
what is needed as an interviewer to get a good response
gain trust and develop rapport
139
when gathering observational data, what 3 things get more focused over time?
descriptive observations, focused observations, selective observations
140
types of ways to observe participants
single : stay in one place and watch
multiple: move around site to get multiple POVs
Mobile; follow a person around
141
what should the field notes contain
descriptive and reflective info
142
descriptive notes are what
detailed, objective accounts of what happened
143
reflective notes are what
methodical notes that document thoughts, feelings etc.
144
analytic notes are what
efforts to make sense of the data
145
personal notes are
documenting the observer's feelings and experiences
146
qualitative data analysis rules
time consuming, who will do it, how much data taken, what's final product, how formal
147
many qualitative studies are inductive or deductive
inductive
148
qualitative analysis process (time consuming)
```
ISCI:
immersing yourself into the data
segmenting /coding the data
collapsing the codes into broader categories
integrate /develop themes, models etc.
```
149
timing is normally what with qualitative analysis
concurrent
150
reductionist data
reduce it down to get what we need and more manageable
151
constructionist data
put it together to find themes,pattern and meaning
152
data reduction happens
FIRST
153
Codes are used to
ID Data within the topic
154
descriptive coding
read through the qual data, code through it
155
process coding
use the codes to communicate action in the data
156
concept coding
applied to larger groups of data "lumping" - to find big picture
157
in vivo coding
assigning a label to a section of data, using a word normally
158
holistic coding
coding a large unit of data to get a sense of the overall content vs nitty gritty
159
once qual data is coded what do we do
WE appy the codes to data segments and process it to analyse
160
conceptual files
excerpts of data relevant to specific parts of codes
161
what is CAQDAS why do we use it
computer-assisted qual data analysis software - widely used to index the data and facilitate analysis
162
broad categories of code are
clusters connected conceptually
163
Theme
has meaning across several categories (may have patterns)
164
metaphors
use visual and symbolic analogies to compare
165
dendrogram
tree diagrams showing the hierarchy of codes and categories
166
incubation
sitting with the data over time to improve the immersion and reflection
167
enthnographic analysis 4 parts
```
D.T.C.T.
domain analysis (ID domains)
taxonomic classification (chose domains and classify)
componential analysis (compare/contrast cultural terms among domains)
theme analysis (cultural meanings)
```
168
The ethnonursing method
```
C.C.S.A.
collecting data
categorize descriptions
searching for repetitive patterns
abstraction major themes
```
169
Van manen's approach for phenomenology
Holistic approach - text as a whole
selective approach - key statement pulled out
detailed - analyze each statement
170
hermeneutic cycle
understanding of the whole is based on the understanding of each part
171
dickelman's team - constitutive pattern
relationship among themes
172
banner's approach (3 )
paradigm cases
thematic analysis
analysis of exemplars
173
data analysis founders for formal guidelines
van manen, colazzi, giogi
174
two codes of grounded theory based on glaser and strauss
substantive ( topic is conceptualized)
| theoretical (higher order of topic is conceptualized)
175
open coding is used to capture what is happening with the data what happens in the levels
level 1 - start, direct words from participant
level 2 - lev 1 gets collapsed into broader terms
level 3 - bigger picture, more abstract
176
BSP is an example of
core category
177
selective coding does what
deals with data relating to core categories
178
theoretical coding deals with
helps weave coded pieces of data back together
179
corbin and strauss approach (2 types)
open coding - categories are generated
| axial coding - categories are lined and subcategories are created
180
initial coding is what - who did it
constructivists- grounded theory approach
181
Framework analysis has what parts
```
Familiarization
ID of initial thematic framework
coding and indexing
charting
mapping
```
182
secondary coding is what
codes that develop into categories
183
debates w/rigor and validity
controversy over validity & rigor w/qualitative work saying they are qual terms
184
lincoln guba framework
```
credibility
dependability
confirmability
transferability
authenticity
```
185
ways to improve credibility
prolonged engagement and persistent observation
186
triangulation types
data, method, person, time, space , inverstigator
187
peer debriefing is what
discussing in groups what you founf
188
member checking
** controversial - SMC, asks participants what they see/think of themes in data and results
189
researcher credibility
examines the credibility of the researcher and authors
190
how to enhance confirmability
audit trail or inquiry audit
191
dependability is what
reliability - ability to replicate
192
what's a negative case analysis
revising interpretations to account for cases that appear to disconfirm the conclusions
193
peer review does what
help externally validate findings
194
inquiry audits do what
formal scrutiny with trails of docs by an external auditor
195
quality enhancement strategies do what
how we get them to trust it
196
thick description does what
increase credibility
197
quality minded outlook includes what parts
```
transparency
thoroughness
diligence
verification
reflexivity
insight
participant-driven inquiry
```
198
what's he key to managing many validity threats
control over confounding participant variables
199
The key to control and avoiding bias is
RANDOMIZATION
200
best control method is what
RANDOMIZATION
201
types of validity
construct - what you are accurately assessing for
external - generalizability
internal - true cause and effect
stat conclusion validity - reasonability
202
randomization
best way to control
203
crossover
receive tx in diff orders, but all get same stuff in the end
204
homogeneity sample control
eliminates variability
205
strat/blocking sampling
equal out number of pt in each tx with similar results
206
homogeneity, stratifying, matching and stat control have 2 disadvantages :
researchers must know which confounding variables to control
can rarely control all of them
207
low stat power
ability to detect true relationship between variables
208
low precision
exactness of the relationships revealed after controlling confounding variables
209
interventions are enhanced through
```
standardized tx protocols
careful training
monitoring
manipulation checks
steps to promote tx adherence
```
210
internal validity pieces
temporal ambiguity - lack of clarity about the presumed cause
selection- pre-existing group diff
history- external events that affect outcomes
maturation- changes resulting in from time
attrition - drops
testing - pretest and post test effect data
211
internal validity protocols
intention to treat analysis
protocol analysis
*** mantains randomization
212
construct validity threats occur if
op construct fails
extraneous content
ex) subject recativity, researcher expectancies, novelty effects, compensatory effects, treatment diffusion .
SRNCT
213
which ruling is the one that is exempt
ruling 46-104
214
what number rule is the misconduct rule
CFR42-103
215
bracketing
understanding that we have bias and setting that aside
216
46-110
expedited review
