Research Terms Exam 1 Flashcards
What do Nurses do for research
THEY DO NOT teach how to research, but
they do work first hand with patients and teach how to interpret, and how to be critical thinkers.
5 concepts of NINR
change lifestyle Gather technology resources ID effective health strategies Change lifestyle behaviors Enhance palliative care
Inspo for nurses and research:
clinical, case studies , pt experience, external sources, quality improvement, nursing literature
Researchers are also known as
investigators
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES USE WHAT
SUBJECTS
QUALITATIVE STUDIES USE WHAT
PARTICIPANTS
what is a sample
a subset of the population
what is a Site
location for the research
what is a setting
Type of places for a study
Constructs :
differ by person, theoretical, abstract, ex) pain,
Concept/phenomena
what researchers look at. Concrete type of variable,
Ex) self care
Theories:
systemic explanations for an aspect in the real world
Variable:
can take on multiple values (it varies)
*** quantitative studies concepts are called
VARIABLES
heterogenous:
groups that vary with respect to an attribute
Homogenous
little to no variation
Dependent variables: response to the intervention
the OUTCOME
Independent variables
it’s the influence on the dependent variable
Conceptual definition
describes abstract meaning of concept studied.
Operations definition:
how a variable will be measured
Operations definition example
Ex) put pain on a scale
Using an anxiety scale
Tools to answer a question
= going from an idea to a tangible thing to research
Data:
raw info collected during a study
Narrative data:
qualitative
Numerical data
quantitative
Relationship:
connection between two variables
Quantitative studies fins the relationship between
independent and dependent variables
Cause and effect (causal) relationship :
when an independent variable effects the dependent variable
Associative (functional relationship):
when the variables are related but not in a causal way.
Experimental studies:
introduces an intervention from the researchers
Non experimental:
researchers observe existing phenomena
Grounded theory :
understands key social phenomena that physiologically happen in a physical setting.
Phenomenology;
focuses on the life experiences lived by humans and what they are like.
Ethnography:
provides a framework for studying the meanings, patterns, and ways of culture in a holistic view.
Phases of a quantitative study:
1) Conceptual
2) Design/planning
3) Empirical
4) Analytic
5) Dissemination
What is involved in phase 1 of a quantitative study:
formulating the problem Review related lit Undertake fieldwork Defining the framework and concept definitions Formulate hypothesis
What is in step 2 of a quantitative study:
Select a research design
Develop protocols for the intervention
ID the population
Design sampling plan
Specify methods to measure research variables
Developing methods to safeguard human /animal rights
Review and finalize research plan
Phase 3 what does that entail:
Collect data
Prep data for analysis
Phase 4 what does that entail:
Analyze data
Interpret results
When analyzing data- what kind of data is quantitative:
statistics
When analyzing data- what kind is qualitative:
observations and focus groups
Phase 5 what does that entail :
Dissemination phase- communicate and use the findings
Emergent design:
evolves as data collection continues
When conceptualizing a qual study:
Think ethics
Lit review
Find an issue
Data saturation:
When redundancies of data is found and no new info is there
IMRAD FORMAT for scholarly articles:
Abstract Intro Methods Results Discussion
Stats test:
procedures for testing research hypothesis and evaluation the believability of the findings
Stats significant:
findings that have a high probability of being real
When a nurse is choosing a topic it needs to be:
feasible, clinically important, researchable and of personal interest
When evaluating a research problem, we look at these three things:
Significance, researchability, feasibility
Statement of purpose:
summarized goal of the study
Purpose statements
use verbs to communicate
Problem statements-
communicate the nature, context and significance of the issue.
Hypothesis:
statement of linkage (relationships between two variables)
Complex hypothesis
includes a moderating variable
Moderating variable:
a variable that alters the strength or direction of a relationship between two variables
Mediating variable
this acts to link to variables together
directional hypothesis:
predicts the direction of the relationship
Nondirectional hypothesis
predicts the existence of relationships but not the direction
Null hypothesis:
proves no relationship between variables (absence of relationship)
Clinical nursing research ;
behavioral and biomedical
Clinical nursing research is diff than _____
Practice
Ethics:
how we ought to live and why
what law came form nazi germany
Nuremburg code
1978 rule
Common law 45l46 for kids, prisoners, and preggers
45CFR46 is what
Common law for kids, prisoners, preggos
CFR21 is what
FDA regulations
Belmont report :
beneficiece, respect for human rights, justice
To avoid bias we use
use covert data collection
HIPAA Justice
right to fair tx, right to privacy
Informed consent:
in qual studies, it may need to be updated as you go
informed consent:
content and authorization
Broad consent :
alternate to reg informed consent.
Cert of confidentiality makes info
not useable by a court if summoned for forced disclosure
Confidentiality procedures;
Anonymity, confidentiality, certification of confidentiality
IRB:
external review of study to receive funding
Expedited IRB happens
when little to no risk
Vulnerable:
anyone who can’t make a fully informed decision
Other ethics probs:
animals, falsification of data, plagiarism , fabrication of results
IRB team has to be made up of :
One member from a similar org One non science One science One not affiliated Federal CFR
Emergent design:
adapts
Bricoleurs:
quant researchers have creativity and flexibility can patch info together to get a holistic picture
Conceptual framework includes what:
culturally informed and uses traditions to understand the concepts of methods to answer questions Phenomenology Ethnography Grounded theory Descriptive
Qualitative traditions:
Anthro Socio Philosophy History Sociolinguistic Psychology
Ethnography:
culture of the group and uses extensive fieldwork that includes observation, in depth interviews and key informants
Ethnographers:
acquire an Emic perspective
list the three parts of Culture
Behavior, speech , artifacts
Emic;
someone in the culture
Etic :
someone looking in at a culture (outsider)
Key informant:
someone within the setting that has an Emic perspective
Ethnonursing research:
nurses who refer to ethnographic studies
Institutional ethnography
institutions that look at the experience of their patients, workers and people.
Autoethnography:
people who do research within their place /realm
Descriptive phenomenology( heisser) :
Descriptions of the human experience
Interpretive phenomenalogy
Heidegger
Understanding the human experience
Social process:
sociology
Core variable;
BSP (basic social process)
Constant comparison
-compared across different categories with same constant to understand any patterns or outliers
Ross Grief cycle:
Denile Anger Depressing Bargaining Acceptance
Alt views of grounded theory;
Strauss and Corbin
Constructivism on grounded theory;
Mr. Charmaz came up with this-
+new method that emphasizes interpretive aspects with shared experiences between researcher and participants
Types of Case studies
- Single or multiple
* holistic or embeddded
Narrative analysis:
How people make sense of events in their lives
Ex of how to analyze; burkes paradigm
Critical theory:
Critique of exiting social structures
Critical ethnography :
applies to the principle of vertical theory to the study of cultures
Participatory research;
produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression.
how many participants for phenomenology
15ish
how many patcicipants for grounded theory
20-30
we want research within how many years
5!
snwoball sampling means what
participants recruit their pals via word of mouth to get a bigger sample pool
max variation sampling
choosing a big pool with a range of people/variation
homogenous sampling
choosing a group with a small/no variation
typical sampling
choosing cases that show what is typical
extreme sampling
choosing cases that show what is extreme/unusual
intensity sampling
choosing cases that show what is intense but not extrteme
stratified purposeful sampling
choosing cases that fit within the defined strata
reputational sampling
selecting cases based on a recommendation of an expert or key informant
revelatory case sampling
Getting samples that in the past, haven’t been accessible due to access or scrutiny
sampling politically important cases
looking for and sampling or deselecting cases that are politically sensitive
opportunistic sampling
adding new cases based on changes in circumstances or adjustments to leads that develop in the field
sampling forming and disconfirming cases
choosing cases that enrich or challenge the researchers conceptualizatons
theoretical sampling
choosing cases based on their contribution to important constructs
reflexivity
understanding your role and the bias you may have on the case/study and the impacts that follow
ethnography key informants
help with getting and interpreting cultural data
ethnography study participants need to have
lived the experience under study
sampling grounded study theories
use emerging theory, 20-30 people
transferability
the ability for the study to be generalized and used in other fields or millieus
thick description
thorough descriptions of research details (needed for QUALITATIVE STUDIES) to support transferability.
4 main field issues for qualitative studies
gaining trust, perp for the intensity of data collection, emotional involvement, reflexivity
how to record the qual data
tech equipment (audio recorders, cams etc.) must have equipment that works IN the field
unstructured interviews
convo style, no real direction just needs to be based on topic of interest
semi structured
Open-ended questions- a topic guide lists broad questions
focus group interviews
small homologous groups used
joint interviews
happen in a pair
photo elicitation
use photos for reference to start convos with interviewees as the go through the study and then talk about it
video stim recall interviews
have person record themselves and then revisit later in the interview to go over it
self report narratives on the internet
narrative materials available on the web
how to prep for an in depth interview
know culture, context, prep questions, settings etc.
what is needed as an interviewer to get a good response
gain trust and develop rapport
when gathering observational data, what 3 things get more focused over time?
descriptive observations, focused observations, selective observations
types of ways to observe participants
single : stay in one place and watch
multiple: move around site to get multiple POVs
Mobile; follow a person around
what should the field notes contain
descriptive and reflective info
descriptive notes are what
detailed, objective accounts of what happened
reflective notes are what
methodical notes that document thoughts, feelings etc.
analytic notes are what
efforts to make sense of the data
personal notes are
documenting the observer’s feelings and experiences
qualitative data analysis rules
time consuming, who will do it, how much data taken, what’s final product, how formal
many qualitative studies are inductive or deductive
inductive
qualitative analysis process (time consuming)
ISCI: immersing yourself into the data segmenting /coding the data collapsing the codes into broader categories integrate /develop themes, models etc.
timing is normally what with qualitative analysis
concurrent
reductionist data
reduce it down to get what we need and more manageable
constructionist data
put it together to find themes,pattern and meaning
data reduction happens
FIRST
Codes are used to
ID Data within the topic
descriptive coding
read through the qual data, code through it
process coding
use the codes to communicate action in the data
concept coding
applied to larger groups of data “lumping” - to find big picture
in vivo coding
assigning a label to a section of data, using a word normally
holistic coding
coding a large unit of data to get a sense of the overall content vs nitty gritty
once qual data is coded what do we do
WE appy the codes to data segments and process it to analyse
conceptual files
excerpts of data relevant to specific parts of codes
what is CAQDAS why do we use it
computer-assisted qual data analysis software - widely used to index the data and facilitate analysis
broad categories of code are
clusters connected conceptually
Theme
has meaning across several categories (may have patterns)
metaphors
use visual and symbolic analogies to compare
dendrogram
tree diagrams showing the hierarchy of codes and categories
incubation
sitting with the data over time to improve the immersion and reflection
enthnographic analysis 4 parts
D.T.C.T. domain analysis (ID domains) taxonomic classification (chose domains and classify) componential analysis (compare/contrast cultural terms among domains) theme analysis (cultural meanings)
The ethnonursing method
C.C.S.A. collecting data categorize descriptions searching for repetitive patterns abstraction major themes
Van manen’s approach for phenomenology
Holistic approach - text as a whole
selective approach - key statement pulled out
detailed - analyze each statement
hermeneutic cycle
understanding of the whole is based on the understanding of each part
dickelman’s team - constitutive pattern
relationship among themes
banner’s approach (3 )
paradigm cases
thematic analysis
analysis of exemplars
data analysis founders for formal guidelines
van manen, colazzi, giogi
two codes of grounded theory based on glaser and strauss
substantive ( topic is conceptualized)
theoretical (higher order of topic is conceptualized)
open coding is used to capture what is happening with the data what happens in the levels
level 1 - start, direct words from participant
level 2 - lev 1 gets collapsed into broader terms
level 3 - bigger picture, more abstract
BSP is an example of
core category
selective coding does what
deals with data relating to core categories
theoretical coding deals with
helps weave coded pieces of data back together
corbin and strauss approach (2 types)
open coding - categories are generated
axial coding - categories are lined and subcategories are created
initial coding is what - who did it
constructivists- grounded theory approach
Framework analysis has what parts
Familiarization ID of initial thematic framework coding and indexing charting mapping
secondary coding is what
codes that develop into categories
debates w/rigor and validity
controversy over validity & rigor w/qualitative work saying they are qual terms
lincoln guba framework
credibility dependability confirmability transferability authenticity
ways to improve credibility
prolonged engagement and persistent observation
triangulation types
data, method, person, time, space , inverstigator
peer debriefing is what
discussing in groups what you founf
member checking
** controversial - SMC, asks participants what they see/think of themes in data and results
researcher credibility
examines the credibility of the researcher and authors
how to enhance confirmability
audit trail or inquiry audit
dependability is what
reliability - ability to replicate
what’s a negative case analysis
revising interpretations to account for cases that appear to disconfirm the conclusions
peer review does what
help externally validate findings
inquiry audits do what
formal scrutiny with trails of docs by an external auditor
quality enhancement strategies do what
how we get them to trust it
thick description does what
increase credibility
quality minded outlook includes what parts
transparency thoroughness diligence verification reflexivity insight participant-driven inquiry
what’s he key to managing many validity threats
control over confounding participant variables
The key to control and avoiding bias is
RANDOMIZATION
best control method is what
RANDOMIZATION
types of validity
construct - what you are accurately assessing for
external - generalizability
internal - true cause and effect
stat conclusion validity - reasonability
randomization
best way to control
crossover
receive tx in diff orders, but all get same stuff in the end
homogeneity sample control
eliminates variability
strat/blocking sampling
equal out number of pt in each tx with similar results
homogeneity, stratifying, matching and stat control have 2 disadvantages :
researchers must know which confounding variables to control
can rarely control all of them
low stat power
ability to detect true relationship between variables
low precision
exactness of the relationships revealed after controlling confounding variables
interventions are enhanced through
standardized tx protocols careful training monitoring manipulation checks steps to promote tx adherence
internal validity pieces
temporal ambiguity - lack of clarity about the presumed cause
selection- pre-existing group diff
history- external events that affect outcomes
maturation- changes resulting in from time
attrition - drops
testing - pretest and post test effect data
internal validity protocols
intention to treat analysis
protocol analysis
*** mantains randomization
construct validity threats occur if
op construct fails
extraneous content
ex) subject recativity, researcher expectancies, novelty effects, compensatory effects, treatment diffusion .
SRNCT
which ruling is the one that is exempt
ruling 46-104
what number rule is the misconduct rule
CFR42-103
bracketing
understanding that we have bias and setting that aside
46-110
expedited review
