Research - Single-Subject and Group Designs Flashcards
This research is used to study the kind and quality of behavior and produces information that’s interpreted and usually summarized in a narrative description.
Qualitative
What are the four approaches to qualitative research?
- Grounded theory
- Phenomenology
- Ethnography
- Thematic Analysis
The primary goal of research based on _____ is “to derive a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of the participants in a study” (Creswell, 2003, p. 14).
grounded theory
The primary data collection methods are interviews and observations.
The purpose of research using a _____ qualitative approach is to gain an in-depth understanding of the “lived experience” of participants – i.e., “how they perceive it, describe it, feel about it, judge it, remember it, make sense of it, and talk about it with others” (Patton, 2002, p. 104).
phenomenological
In-depth interviews are the primary source of information.
_____ involves “studying participants in their natural culture or setting … [while they’re engaged] in their naturally occurring activities” (Gay & Airasian, 2003, p. 16).
Ethnography
The primary data collection method is participant observation, which involves joining a culture and participating in its activities.
_____ “is a method for identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) within the data” (Braun & Clarke, 2006, p. 79). It is a “stand-alone” method but also sometimes serves at the starting point for other methods.
Thematic analysis
The primary sources of information are in-depth interviews and focus groups.
_____ is used to identify and study differences in the amount of behavior and produces data that’s “expressed numerically and can be analyzed in a variety of ways” (Drummond & Murphy-Reyes, 2016, p. 10)
Quantitative research
The three types of quantitative research are:
- Descriptive research
- Correlational research
- Experimental research
This type of research is conducted to measure and “describe a variable or set of variables as they exist naturally” (Gravetter & Forzano, 2016, p. 371).
Descriptive research
_____ involves correlating the scores or status of a sample of individuals on two or more variables to determine the magnitude and direction of the relationship between the variables
Correlational research
(In the context of correlational research, an independent variable is often referred to as the predictor or X variable and the dependent variable is referred to as the criterion or Y variable.)
_____ is conducted to determine if there’s a causal relationship between independent and dependent variables.
Experimental research
True experimental design involves random assignment. Otherwise it’s quasi experimental.
Single-subject experimental designs share what three characteristics?
- At least two phases of baseline (A) and treatment (B)
- The treatment phase isn’t started until a stable pattern of performance is found on the dependent variable
- The dependent variable is measured multiple times over each phase
The _____ design consists of a single baseline (A) phase and a single treatment (B) phase. Like all single-subject designs, it helps a researcher determine if an observed change in the dependent variable is due to the independent variable or to maturation since maturational effects (e.g., fatigue, boredom) usually occur gradually over time.
AB
The AB design does not control history, however, because any change in the dependent variable that occurs when the independent variable is applied could be due to the independent variable or to an unintended event that occurred at the same time the independent variable was applied.
The ABA and ABAB designs are called ____. The advantage of adding phases is that doing so helps a researcher determine if a change in the dependent variable is due to history rather than the independent variable: When the dependent variable returns to its initial baseline level during the second baseline phase and to its initial treatment level during the second treatment phase, it’s unlikely that changes in the dependent variable were due to unintended events.
reversal designs
When using the _____, the independent variable is sequentially applied across different “baselines,” which can be different behaviors, tasks, settings, or subjects.
multiple baseline design
An advantage of the multiple baseline design over the reversal designs is that, once the independent variable is applied to a behavior, task, setting, or participant, it does not have to be withdrawn during the course of the study.
