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research midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Qualitative data is the descriptive and conceptual findings collected through questionnaires, interviews, or observation. They are descriptions and explanations of processes in identifiable local contexts.

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2
Q

Describe a received worldview.

A

Hard sciences
One truth
Reality, truth, and facts from an objective and ahistorical viewpoint
empiricism/positivism

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3
Q

Describe a perceived worldview.

A

Multiple truths
Reality/truths/facts are considered with regard to history and in Context to subjectivity
Description and understanding
Historicism/phenomenology

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4
Q

Describe a postmodernism/postcolonialism worldview.

A

Contextual meaning: narration
Contextual, political, and structural analysis
Macroanalysis of different views
UNcovering opposing views

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5
Q

What is an ontology in research?

A

“What is reality?”
Ontology is a system of belief that reflects an interpretation of an individual about what constitutes a fact.
- what is the thing we’re researching?
- identifying population

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6
Q

What is epistemology in research?

A

“What and how can I know reality/knowledge?”
Your view of the world and of knowledge strongly influences our interpretation of data and therefore your philosophical standpoint should be made clear from the beginning.
- biases
- previous research done?

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7
Q

What is a theoretical perspective in research?

A

“What approach can we use to get knowledge?”
Structural framework, explanation, or tool that has been tested and evaluated over time.
- nursing theory/theories supporting the framework of the research

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8
Q

What is a methodology in research?

A

“What procedure can we use to acquire knowledge?”
The overarching strategy and rationale of your research project.
- mixed methods?
- survey research
- case study review
- action research

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9
Q

What is a method/method in research?

A

“What tools can we use to acquire knowledge?”
The specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data.
- questionnaires
- interviews
- focus groups

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10
Q

What are sources in research?

A

“What data can we collect?”
Primary, secondary and tertiary sources of data.

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11
Q

What are sources in research?

A

“What data can we collect?”
Primary, secondary and tertiary sources of data.

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12
Q

Define subjectivism.

A

A theory that limits knowledge to subjective experience.
There is no ‘one’ truth to be discovered, truths are experienced and/or constructed.

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13
Q

Define constructivism and Interpretivism.

A

Aims to understnad and explain human and social reality, focuses on interpreting the social life world within its cultural context.
Inductive approach.
Produces highly contextualized qualitative data.

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14
Q

What components constitute a clinical question?

A

Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Time. (PICOT).

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of a good research question?

A
  • define the specific topic area
  • review the relevant literature
  • identify the potential significance of nursing
  • reflect the feasibility of studying the research question
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16
Q

Describe the sampling procedure.

A

Step 1 - identify a target population
Step 2 - delineate the accessibly population
Step 3 - Develop a sampling plan
Step 4 - Obtain approval from research ethics board

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17
Q

What is inclusion and exclusion criteria?

A

Allows you to describe who/what will and will not be entered into your study

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18
Q

Name 3 examples of sampling strategies/approaches.

A
  • purposeful sampling
  • maximum variation sampling
  • snowball (opportunistic) sampling
  • homogenous sampling
  • quota sampling
  • convenience sampling
  • theoretical sampling
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19
Q

What is the most frequently used sampling strategy?

A

Purposeful and purposive sampling
Sometimes called selective sampling

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20
Q

What is theoretical sampling?

A

Sampling method in which the data collection and analysis process occur concurrently.
- developed as part of Grounded Theory

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21
Q

What is maximum variation sampling?

A

Sampling method in which the researchers aim to choose the widest sample

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22
Q

What does it mean when a researcher have met data saturation?

A

The point in the research process when no new information is discovered in data analysis, and this redundancy signals to researchers that data collection may cease.

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23
Q

What are some ethical considerations when interviewing?

A

consent, privacy, confidentiality, topic, distress, and interview capabilities of participants.

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24
Q

What is the Declaration of Helsinki 1964?

A

The formal statement of ethical principles published by the World Medical Association (WMA) guides the protection of human participants in medical research.
Risks should not exceed benefits.
Informed consent is necessary.

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25
Q

What is the Belmont Report 1976?

A

Identifies basic ethical principles and guidelines that address ethical issues arising from the conduct of research with human subjects.

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26
Q

Name an example of risk or ethical issues in qualitative research.

A

Recruitment: undue inducement and coercion
Data collection: informed consent, emotional/physical risks, confidentiality, storage of data.
Dissemination: identifiable information
Consider if you’re dealing with a vulnerable population
Sensitive data
Anonymity

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27
Q

As a researcher, what documents are necessary for conducting research?

A

Protocol, invitation letter, participant information leaflet, consent form, tri-council ethics certificate.

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28
Q

What is the significance of community engagement in the research process of a study including an Indigenous population?

A

It’s a process that establishes an interaction between a researcher and the Indigenous community relevant to the research project.

It signifies the intent of forming a collaborative relationship between researchers and communities.

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29
Q

Describe the conceptual framework of Two-Eyed Seeing (Bartlett et al., 2012).

A

The gift of multiple perspectives.
A conceptual framework by elder Albert Marshal in 2004 unifying knowledge systems.

It is described as “learning to see from one eye with the strengths of Indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing, and from the other eye with the strengths of Western knowledge and ways of knowing.

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30
Q

One of the primary foundations for evidence-based nursing practice is

A. Medical knowledge.
B. Research results.
C. Everyday health care.
D. Textbook information

A

B. Research results.

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31
Q

Within the process of providing evidence-based nursing care, which types of research results are incorporated to ascertain the plan of treatment?

A. Personal experiences and medical knowledge
B. Client values and medical knowledge
C. Personal experiences and client values
D. Medical knowledge and identified challenges

A

C. Personal experiences and client values

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32
Q

Research utilization has often been
A. Neglected in the literature.
B. Denied by publishers.
C. Reported in the literature.
D. Spurned by EBP.

A

C. Reported in the literature.

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33
Q

Which of the following is an example of nursing research?

a. A nursing student writes a paper on diabetes for a health course.
b. A patient looks up medication on the internet before agreeing to take it.
c. A nurse washes his hands before performing wound care.
d. Operating room nurses track surgical suite door openings and post-op infection rates to determine whether there is a relationship.

A

d. Operating room nurses track surgical suite door openings and post-op infection rates to determine whether there is a relationship.

34
Q

Which of the following is an example of a research question grounded in the constructivist paradigm?

a. What are the determinants of low birth weight of babies born to women 25 years old and younger?
b. Is acupuncture as effective as ibuprofen in reducing chronic back pain?
c. What is the prevalence of homelessness among undocumented immigrants?
d. What is the nature of the lived experience of being in a “locked-in” state?

A

d. What is the nature of the lived experience of being in a “locked-in” state?

35
Q

Which of the following is an example of an evidence-based practice “background question”?

a. How prevalent is anxiety after patients have an implanted cardiac defibrillator placed? In newborns, what is the effect of kangaroo care on heel stick pain?
b. What is the impact of cortisol on the immune system?
c. What is the effect of wearing hip guards in reducing hip fractures in elderly residents?

A

What is the impact of cortisol on the immune system?

36
Q

What is PICO stand for?

A

PICO stands for patient/population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes.

37
Q

Nurses are concerned about poor sleep quality among ICU patients and want to look at reducing noise to improve sleep quality. What is the P in PICO?
a. ICU patients
b. Poor sleep quality
c. Noise reduction
d. Improved sleep quality

A

a. ICU patients

38
Q

Identify which of the following is most likely to be a primary source research article.

a. A clinical update on wound care management.
b. A retrospective chart review study to determine hospital re-admission rates after heart surgery.
c. Managing central venous catheters: A Clinical Practice Guideline.
d. Skin-to-skin contact to promote infant bonding: A Cochrane Review.

A

b. A retrospective chart review study to determine hospital re-admission rates after heart surgery.

39
Q

Why do nurses who do not conduct research need to understand the nursing research process?
a. To identify potential subjects for clinical research studies
b. To assist as accurate data collectors in clinical research studies
c. To teach patients and families the usefulness of consenting to participate in research
d. To be able to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinical practice

A

ANS: D
Correct D: Nurses should be able to understand the research process by reading research reports and deciding whether they should modify their practice based on research evidence

40
Q

Which action demonstrates the role of a knowledgeable consumer of nursing research?
a. Designing a research
b. Analyzing data to determine outcomes
c. Evaluating the credibility of the research findings
d. Implementing an intervention found to be effective in one clinical study

A

ANS: C
Correct C: A consumer of nursing research needs to understand the research process to determine the merit and relevance of evidence for research studies

41
Q

Which statement regarding the role of the nurse in research is true?
a. Nurses must be prepared at the baccalaureate level or higher to have any role in nursing research.
b. Master’s-prepared nurses (MSN, MN, or MS degrees) are primarily responsible for using the findings of nursing research in clinical practice.
c. The research role of both the baccalaureate- and master’s-prepared nurse calls for skills of critical appraisal.
d. Regardless of nursing education, the only nurse who should interpret research findings is the one who has the most comprehensive understanding of statistical analysis methods

A

ANS: C
Correct C: To use research (evidence-based practice), the nurse must not necessarily be able to conduct research but should be able to understand and appraise the steps of the research process to read the research literature critically and use it to inform clinical decisions.

42
Q

The nurse researcher is analyzing a research article. Where can the researcher expect to find the research question and study purpose noted?
a. Introduction
b. Data analysis
c. Findings
d. Data collection

A

ANS: A
Correct A: The research question and study purpose can be expected to be found in the abstract or in the introduction

43
Q

The nurse researcher is conducting a research study using a dozen subjects who were interviewed regarding their experience with postpartum depression. The researcher opts for a qualitative research design. What would be the most accurate rationale for the researcher choosing this type of design?
a. Quantitative research is usually conducted in natural settings using data that are words rather than numbers.
b. Qualitative research seeks to explain cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
c. Quantitative research seeks to answer a question about a human experience.
d. Qualitative research collects data from a small number of subjects, allowing for an in-depth study of a phenomenon.

A

ANS: D
Correct D: Qualitative research typically collects data from a small number of subjects, thus allowing for an in-depth study of a phenomenon while using a subjective approach

44
Q

The nurse researcher is conducting a research study using a dozen subjects who were interviewed regarding their experience with postpartum depression. The researcher opts for a qualitative research design. What would be the most accurate rationale for the researcher choosing this type of design?
a. Quantitative research is usually conducted in natural settings using data that are words rather than numbers.
b. Qualitative research seeks to explain cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
c. Quantitative research seeks to answer a question about a human experience.
d. Qualitative research collects data from a small number of subjects, allowing for an in-depth study of a phenomenon.

A

ANS: D
Correct D: Qualitative research typically collects data from a small number of subjects, thus allowing for an in-depth study of a phenomenon while using a subjective approach

45
Q

The nurse researcher is analyzing a research article that includes a study of breast cancer patients and the cutting-edge treatments that they are considering including in their treatment regimens. How can the researcher determine whether an integrative review was performed as part of the study?
a. An integrative review summarizes articles on a focus topic using a specific method.
b. An integrative review is a synthesis of the literature on a specific area without statistical analysis.
c. An integrative review is a synthesis of qualitative articles on a topic using a specific qualitative methodology.
d. An integrative review synthesizes articles in an attempt to develop a clinical practice statement.

A

ANS: B
Correct B: An integrative review is a synthesis of the literature on a specific area that follows specific steps of literature integration without statistical analysis.

46
Q

The nurse researcher is attempting to grade the strength of a body of evidence used in a research study. How can the researcher grade the evidence for consistency?
a. Consistency is the extent to which the study’s design, implementation, and analysis minimize bias.
b. Consistency is the number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including overall sample size across studies.
c. Consistency is the degree to which studies that have similar and different designs (but investigate the same research question) report similar findings.
d. Consistency is the strength of the findings from the data analyses.

A

ANS: C

47
Q

Which aspects of the nursing research process are common to all educational levels of nurses? (Select all that apply.)
a. Disseminating research findings in research reports
b. Maintaining protection of human subjects
c. Using expertise to develop theoretical explanations for findings
d. Being aware of the relationship between research and nursing practice
e. Being a collaborative member of a team that applies research to practice

A

ANS: B, D, E
Correct B: All nurses are accountable for protecting the rights of patients.
Correct D: All nurses should be aware that research is related to practice.
Correct E: All nurses can be a part of a clinical team that applies research to practice

48
Q

Which of the following definitions of paradigm is correct?
a. A way of linking the naturalistic world to empirical thought
b. Philosophical beliefs that influence the way people in a society think about the world
c. A model that captures the interaction of specific variables within a known concept.
d. A concept that encompasses the integration of “wholeness,” spirituality, and personal worth into scientific thought

A

ANS: B

49
Q

Nursing research is significant to the profession of nursing because it promotes:
a. more specifically defined nursing practice responsibilities.
b. decreased liability within the practice of nursing.
c. generation of a specialized body of nursing knowledge for use in nursing practice.
d. expansion of the scope of nursing practice into other disciplines

A

ANS: C

50
Q

Which of the following is the correct definition of theory?
a. The assumptions and beliefs of the <worldview= of the researcher.
b. A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon.
c. The specific and measurable premise or assumption based on which the rationale for research direction is established.
d. A researcher9s <best guess= of the expected direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

A

ANS: B

51
Q

During a class examination, the course instructor notes that a student who usually does poorly in class tests has shaking hands, knocks over a bottle of water, breaks the points of two pencils, makes many erasures, and wrinkles her computer score sheet. The instructor concludes that the student has test anxiety. What type of reasoning is demonstrated by the instructor?
a. Inductive reasoning
b. Deductive reasoning
c. Theoretical reasoning
d. Faulty reasoning

A

ANS: A

52
Q

What is the major difference between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning?
a. Inductive reasoning is theory-driven, and deductive reasoning is independent of theory.
b. Deductive reasoning forms the basis for qualitative research, and inductive reasoning forms the basis for quantitative research.
c. Deductive reasoning is an unconscious approach in which intuition, rather than logic, is the key feature, whereas inductive reasoning encompasses a more logical and systematic approach to problem identification.
d. Inductive reasoning starts with observed details that lead to a general structure or picture, whereas deductive reasoning begins with a structure or picture that guides the search for associated details.

A

ANS: D

53
Q

How are theory and practice interrelated?
a. Practice is the operational definition of theory.
b. Practice provides the opportunity to test the theory.
c. Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based.
d. Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice.

A

ANS: B

54
Q

In an article reporting the results of a quantitative study that used deductive reasoning methods, where is the conceptual framework usually presented?
a. Introduction
b. Methods
c. Statistical analysis
d. Discussion

A

ANS: A

55
Q

A theory would be described as
a. a prediction of the outcomes of a study.
b. an image that represents an abstract idea.
c. a set of interrelated concepts that can explain a phenomenon.
d. a general framework to identify factors related to a phenomenon.

A

ANS: C

56
Q

What is commonly referred to as scientific knowledge?
a. Ethical
b. Personal
c. Aesthetic
d. Empirical

A

ANS: D

57
Q

How are theoretical and conceptual frameworks different?
a. Conceptual frameworks are more appropriate for qualitative studies, and theoretical frameworks are more appropriate for quantitative studies.
b. Theoretical frameworks are individually developed by researchers, and conceptual frameworks already exist.
c. Conceptual frameworks are individually developed by researchers, and theoretical frameworks already exist.
d. Theoretical frameworks generate theory, whereas conceptual frameworks test theory.

A

ANS: C

58
Q

Which of the following is a good method for improving your research skill in evaluating frameworks?
a. Reading the abstract closely and skimming the rest of the article.
b. Performing a literature search of all concepts related to the framework.
c. Conducting a scholarly analysis of the theoretical frameworks created by known nursing leaders.
d. Engaging in repeated critiques and discussing the critiques with others who have critiqued the same article.

A

ANS: D

59
Q

How is the Critical Thinking Decision Path helpful in the research decision process of selecting a quantitative or qualitative study design?
a. It reflects the researcher9s beliefs and subsequent research questions and activities.
b. It reflects the method of research study dissemination activities.
c. It reflects research results related to studies focused on critical thinking.
d. It compares the differences between the inductive and deductive reasoning processes.

A

ANS: A

60
Q

The epistemological stance “our observations cannot always be relied upon because they are subject to human bias we all have different values, cultures, and life experiences” best describes which of the following paradigms?
a. Post-positivism
b. Critical Realism
c. Constructivism
d. Interpretivism

A

ANS: A

61
Q

“The methodological stance that the researcher should remain a distant observer in the research process” best describes which of the following?
a. Post-positivist
b. Critical social theory
c. Constructivist
d. Critical Realism

A

ANS: A

62
Q

“The goal of inquiry is understanding how 8participants9 perceive the world by analyzing their use of language and their social interactions” best describes which of the following?
a. Post-positivist
b. Critical
c. Constructivist
d. Positivist

A

ANS: C

63
Q

“The philosophical quests to use research to balance the distribution of power in modern society” best describes which of the following?
a. Post-positivist
b. Critical socialist
c. Constructivist
d. Interpretivist

A

ANS: B

64
Q

“The ontological view that human responses to health and illness can be measured” best describes which of the following?
a. Post-positivist
b. Critical
c. Constructivist
d. Critical and constructivist

A

ANS: A

65
Q

What is dissemination?

A

The communication of research findings.
Methods include publications, conferences, consultations, and training programs.

66
Q

What are indigenous research methods?

A

Research involving aboriginal peoples requires additional knowledge on the part of the researcher in order to conduct ethical research and enact an appropriate use of research methods.

67
Q

Obstacles to using nursing research in practice include a lack of
A. Education, beliefs/attitudes, and support/resources.
B. Faculty, knowledge, and cost.
C. Time, beliefs/attitudes, and consumers.
D. Outcomes, values, and motivation.

A

A. Education, beliefs/attitudes, and support/resources.

68
Q

Whether the evidence is gained by research or other sources, the information must be scrutinized for
A. Uniqueness.
B. Individuality.
C. Validity.
D. Reliability.

A

C. Validity.

69
Q

The four types of knowing are designated as
A. Deontology, empiric, clinical, and aesthetics.
B. Empirics, aesthetics, ethical, and personal.
C. Facts, opinions, case studies, and consensus.
D. Decision-making, clinical, ethical, and client.

A

B. Empirics, aesthetics, ethical, and personal.

70
Q

Sources for nursing research come primarily from two sources:
A. Business and occupational settings.
B. Academic and healthcare settings.
C. Both urban and rural settings.
D. Pharmaceutical and business settings.

A

B. Academic and healthcare settings.

71
Q

In which of the following instances should a qualitative research design be used instead of a quantitative research design?
a. When time for data collection is limited
b. When the research questions are clinical in nature
c. When the goal is to view the experience in the same way as those who are having the experience view it
d. When the researcher is a novice and has minimal experience or skill in scientific problem solving

A

ANS: C

72
Q

A qualitative nursing research approach will be most suitable for which of the following research topics?
a. Experiences of elder abuse among diverse ethnic populations
b. Reduction of prehospital delay in the face of acute coronary syndrome symptoms
c. Examining trajectories of depressive symptoms among young adults
d. Perceived risk and willingness to interact with individuals with HIV or AIDS

A

ANS: A

73
Q

What basic belief is represented when a nurse asks a 38-year-old woman, “When was your last menstrual period?” and the patient replies, “Oh, I don’t remember because it isn’t important”?
a. A failure of communication
b. A difference between the received view and the perceived view
c. Cultural insensitivity on the part of the nurse and the health care system
d. Lack of awareness and knowledge on the part of the patient

A

ANS: B

74
Q

Which part of the following research question constitutes its context? “What is the grief experience of women over 30 from rural Saskatchewan who have experienced a late-stage pregnancy loss?”
a. Late-stage pregnancy loss
b. Women over 30
c. Grief experience
d. Saskatchewan

A

ANS: D

75
Q

Which of the following aims of research is characteristic or appropriate for qualitative research methods?
a. Control
b. Prediction
c. Explanation
d. Understanding

A

ANS: D

76
Q

Which of the following factors in a research report indicates that the study used a qualitative design?
a. Hypotheses are stated.
b. The sample is described as convenient.
c. Study participants are described as informants.
d. Participants were asked to complete a forced-choice questionnaire to measure their understanding of the topic

A

ANS: C

77
Q

How are values managed in qualitative research studies compared with quantitative research studies?
a. In both types of studies, the goal is to separate values from the research process.
b. In quantitative studies, the values of the researcher are considered study variables.
c. In qualitative studies, the values of the participant are considered an outcome of the study.
d. Although values are acknowledged by both types of research, the quantitative approach uses statistical methods to remove or minimize the impact of values.

A

ANS: D

78
Q

Which of the following study purposes and methodological procedures is inappropriate for qualitative methods?
a. Testing of a new hypothesis
b. Using an intensive approach to data collection
c. Using inductive analysis with the captured data
d. Examining individual responses to a nonmodifiable situation

A

ANS: A

79
Q

Which of the following statements forms an assumption of contemporary empiricism?
a. The philosophy underlying the research is explicit.
b. Human responses to health and illness can be measured.
c. Inductive analysis is most useful in determining the significance of study outcomes.
d. The outcomes must provide sufficient evidence to prove the null hypothesis

A

ANS: B

80
Q

How should the number of participants be determined for a qualitative study that uses a grounded theory approach?
a. Data are collected from new participants until no new information is generated.
b. The number of participants needed is equal to the number available at a specific location.
c. The number of participants needed is equal to the number available within the researcher’s specified time frame.
d. The number of participants needed is determined through a power analysis of data generated in a pilot study of similar subjects

A

ANS: A

81
Q

The term triangulation refers to:
a. a mathematical technique.
b. combining different methods, theories, data sources, or investigators.
c. information collected becomes repetitive.
d. possible applications of the results of qualitative studies.

A

ANS: B

82
Q

Meta-synthesis involves:
a. developing typologies as results of qualitative investigations.
b. different hierarchies of evidence as compared with quantitative studies
c. interpreting various qualitative studies to reveal similarities and differences.
d. a systematic review of the literature involving classic and recent studies.

A

ANS: C

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