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Psychology > Research Methods Yr12 Key Terms > Flashcards

Research Methods Yr12 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Aim

A

General statement of what researcher intends to investigate

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2
Q

Independent variable (IV)

A

Researcher manipulates or it changes naturally

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3
Q

Dependent variable

A

Researcher measures

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4
Q

Operationalised variable

A

Clearly defining variables in terms of how they are measured

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

Precise and testable prediction

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6
Q

Null hypothesis

A

States no significant difference or correlation between variables (nothing will happen)

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7
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

IS a difference between variables
(Directional or non-directional)

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8
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

States the expected direction of difference or relationship.
WITH previous research.

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9
Q

Non-directional hypothesis

A

Direction not stated.
NO previous research.

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10
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variable that could affect the DV if not controlled.
E.g differences in environment, times of day.

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11
Q

Confounding variables

A

Variable varies with the IV.
E.g. differences in participants age/gender.

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12
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

A cue may be interpreted by participants, revealing the aim. May cause change in behaviour.

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13
Q

Investigator effects

A

Unintentional influence of researcher on experiment.

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14
Q

Order effects

A

Order of tasks influences the outcome of

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15
Q

Observation

A

Non-experimental
Record participants behaviour.

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16
Q

Self report techniques

A

Non-experimental
Participants give info to researcher- thoughts, behaviour.

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17
Q

Correlation

A

Movement/ direction of variables

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18
Q

Content analysis

A

Non-experimental
Indirect observation.
Examines communications that people produce

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19
Q

Case studies

A

Non-experimental.
In depth investigation.

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20
Q

Lab experiment

A

Controlled.
Researcher manipulates IV.

21
Q

Field experiment

A

Natural setting.
Researcher manipulates IV.

22
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Naturally occurring IV - an existence between people (age, gender)
Record effect on DV.

23
Q

Natural experiment

A

Naturally occurring IV
DC measured .

24
Q

Internal validity

A

Extent to which study is measuring what it’s supposed to.

25
Q

Ecological validity

A

Results can be generalised to other settings

26
Q

Ethical issues

A

Rights of participants

27
Q

Repeated measures

A

All participants experience BOTH conditions

28
Q

Independent groups

A

Two groups
Separate conditions

29
Q

Matched pairs

A

Participants assessed and matched
Two different conditions

30
Q

Controlled observation

A

Watch, record behaviour in structured environment.

31
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Watch, record behaviour that usually happens in the setting

32
Q

Covert observation

A

Watch,record behaviour with NO consent.

33
Q

Overt observation

A

Observer clearly visible
WITH consent

34
Q

Participant observation

A

Researcher participates

35
Q

Non-participant observation

A

Researcher outside the experiment

36
Q

Unstructured observation

A

Continuous recording of behaviour

37
Q

Structured observation

A

Behavioural categories tallied or listed on chart.

38
Q

Event sampling

A

Behaviour recorded when seen

39
Q

Time sampling

A

Behaviour recorded at set time intervals

40
Q

Questionnaires

A

Pre-written list of open / closed questions.

41
Q

Closed questions

A

Fixed response choices

42
Q

Open questions

A

Participant may choose how to respond

43
Q

Interview

A

Self report technique

44
Q

Structured interview

A

Scheduled list of questions.
Ticking boxes/ chart .

45
Q

Unstructured interview

A

Conversation aimed at a topic, allowed to answer freely.

46
Q

Positive correlation

A

Both variables increase/ decrease together

47
Q

Negative correlation

A

One increase and one decreases

48
Q

Zero correlation

A

There is no relationship between the co- variables.

49
Q

Correlation coefficients

A

Strength of the relationship between the two co-variables.
Eg .9,.8,.7 =strong correlations

Psychology (2 decks)

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