Research Methods Unit Test Flashcards
What are the 5 types of research methods?
- Surveys
- Case studies
- Experimental studies
- Correlational studies
- Interviews
What are the 2 types of data collection methods? Give one example each.
- Qualitative - ex. lab experiments
- Quantitative - ex case studies, observations, interviews
What is important to consider when discussing research? (7)
- Location
- Retrospective vs prospective
- Mundane realism
- Reliability
- Longitudinal vs cross-section
- Validity (internal vs external)
- Construct validity
What is retrospective vs prospective?
Attempting to find correlations/relationships between past behavior and present
measures a variable at the beginning then observes its effects over time
What is mundane realism?
level to which situation represents real life
Reliability
the results can be replicated - consistency
Longitudinal vs cross-sectional
repeated observations of the same variable over periods of time
data collection from a larger population at specific time
Validity
consideration that the research/study does what it claims to do. True in aims and context - accuracy
Construct validity
concept being studied has an agreed-upon definition/measurability
What is an independent samples design?
Sample randomly allocated to one condition of experiment, 20 altogether, 10 in each condition
What is a repeated measures design?
one sample receives both conditions of experiment
Covert vs overt observations
Covert: participants do not know they are being watched
Overt: observation is made obvious to participants
Non/participant observations
P: researcher joins the studied group
N: does not join
Naturalistic vs lab observations
N: natural environment
L: controlled lab
Strengths of case studies (4)
-holistic
-high ecological validity
-over time
-triangulation
Limitations of case studies (4)
-irreplicable
-time consuming
-non-regeneratable
-retrospective
Strengths of interviews
-high ecological validity
-structured have high internal validity
-personal / lots of data
-focus groups triggering of ideas
(5) Limitations of interviews
-demand characteristics
-time consuming
-bias
-self-reported data
-hard to maintain confidentiality
What are the 5 demand characteristics?/participant biases
- Screw you
- Social desirability
- Reactivity
- Expectancy effect
- Optimism bias
Ethics in research (CARDUD)
C - consent is informed or given by parent/guardian
A - anonymity is guaranteed
R - right to withdraw
D - deception is to be avoided but if required participants must leave in same psychological/physical state arrived
U - Undue stress/harm is prevented
D - debriefing on the true nature and aims of study is required - deception justified
What is reductionism?
breaks down into parts
What is holism?
Not existing independently
What is sampling and researcher bias?
sampling: does not accurately represent the population
researcher: when beliefs or opinions of the researcher influence the outcome of the investigation
What is transferability?
degree to which qualitative results of a study can be generalized to a wider population/setting
What is generalizability?
The ability to apply your findings to a wider population, usually in a statistical/quantitative approach
