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WJEC AS Psychology > Research methods (unit 2) -unfinished > Flashcards

Research methods (unit 2) -unfinished Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A precise and testable statement about the assumed relationship between variables.

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2
Q

What is operationalisation?

A

Ensuring variables are in a form that is easily tested.

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3
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

A variable other than the independent variable which varies systematically and changes the dependent variable.

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4
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

A variable other than the independent variable which does not vary systematically but may have effect on dependent variable.

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5
Q

What is validity?

A

Whether an observed effect is genuine.

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6
Q

What is external validity?

A

The degree to which a research finding can be generalised to other settings or groups of people.

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7
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The degree to which an observed effect was due to experimental manipulation, rather than confounding/extraneous variables.

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8
Q

Why is external validity affected by internal validity?

A

Because you cannot generalise the results of a study that is low in internal validity (has confounding/extraneous variables)

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9
Q

What is an aim?

A

Statement of what researcher intends to find out.

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10
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Research method where casual conclusions can be drawn.

IV has been directly manipulated to observe casual effect on DV

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11
Q

What are standardised procedures?

A

Procedures are the same for all participants in order to be able to repeat the study.

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12
Q

What is valid consent?

A

Participants must be given comprehensive information concerning nature and purpose of research and their role. (Informed decision)

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13
Q

Describe external validity?

A

Degree to how generalised a research finding is:
In other settings (ecological validity)
To other groups (population validity)
And over time (historical validity)

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14
Q

Describe internal validity.

A

Degree that an observed effect was due to experimental manipulation rather than factors. (C/E)

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15
Q

What is mundane realism?

A

Refers to how a study mirrors the real world. (Research environment must be realistic to a degree which experiences in study will happen outside of it)

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16
Q

Why is external validity affected by internal validity?

A

Cannot generalise the results as the results will have no real meaning for behaviour is question.

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of experimental design?

A
  • Repeated measures
  • Independent groups
  • Matched pairs
18
Q

What is the experimental design of repeated measures? (2)

A
  • Each participant does the task on both sides of the IV a certain amount of time apart. (e.g memory test 2 weeks apart)
  • DV is compared for each participant.
19
Q

Describe the independent groups design.

A

•Participants placed in separate groups.
Group A does task with one level of IV
Group B does same task with other level of IV
•DV compared of 2 groups.

20
Q

What is matched pairs design?

A
  • Use 2 groups but match participants on characteristics believed to affect DV. (must be relevant to study)
  • 1 member of each pair allocated to group A and other to group B.
21
Q

What is an order effect? Name two.

A

The order of conditions that may affect performance.
Practice effect- may do better after practising.
Boredom effect- May do worse on second time if is repetitive.

22
Q

What are the disadvantages of repeated measures design?

A
  1. Order effects (practice & boredom)

2. Participants may guess purpose of experiment, changing behaviour.

23
Q

What are the methods of dealing with disadvantages in the repeated measures design? (3)

A
  • Can use two different tasks but must be equivalent.
  • Counterbalancing.
  • Deception (cover story)
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of the independent groups design?

A
  1. Researcher cannot control participant variables or confounding variables.
  2. Needs more participants in order to end up with same amount of data as repeated measures.
25
Q

What are participant variables?

A

The different abilities or characteristics of each participants.

26
Q

What are the methods of dealing with disadvantages in the independent groups design? (1)

A

Randomly allocating participants to distribute variables evenly.

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of matched pairs design?

A
  1. Time consuming and difficult to match.

2. Not possible to control all participant variables.

28
Q

What methods of dealing with disadvantages are used in matched pairs?

A
  • Restrict the number of variables to match on to make it easier.
  • Conduct pilot study to consider key variables.
29
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

An experimental technique used to overcome order effects when using repeated measures.
It ensures that each condition is tested first or second in equal amounts.

30
Q

What is a directional and non-directional hypothesis?

A

Directional- states direction of results (better/worse)

Non-directional- there is difference but does not say which direction

31
Q

What word is used to describe the alternative hypothesis?

A

Experimental hypothesis.

better/worse

32
Q

Difference between null and alternative hypothesis?

A

H0- statement of no effect. (no difference)

H1- Better/worse effect

33
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

Small-scale trial run of a study to test aspects of design to look for improvements.

34
Q

Describe conducting research in a lab. (advantages)

A
  • Most scientific.
  • Measure research variables easier.
  • Easier to control confounding/extraneous variables.
  • Utilise more equipment
35
Q

Describe the disadvantages of a lab setting.

A
  • Participants demonstrate artificial behaviour
  • Lacks ecological validity
  • Not all studies can be conducted here due to nature of research
36
Q

Describe in the field as a location of research. (advantages)

A
  • Research in participants environment so more natural
  • Minimise artificial nature
  • Higher ecological validity
37
Q

Name the disadvantages when conducting research in a field.

A
  • More difficult to measure research variables & confounding/extraneous.
  • Difficult to repeat due to difference in settings.
  • Difficult to utilise full complement of equipment.
38
Q

What are the advantages of online research?

A
  • Access participants who they may not be able to access with other methods.
  • Large groups accessed with less effort than field.
  • More diverse participants.
  • Cost efficient.
  • Data analysis is quicker.
39
Q

Disadvantages of online research?

A
  • Consent (T&C’s)
  • Cannot appropriately debrief
  • Limited methods
40
Q

What are the disadvantages of online research?

A
  • Cannot debrief appropriately
  • Consent (T&C’s)
  • Limited methods to conduct
41
Q

Disadvantages of online research?

A
  • Consent (T&C’s)
  • Cannot appropriately debrief
  • Limited methods
42
Q

Disadvantages of online research?

A
  • Consent (T&C’s)
  • Cannot appropriately debrief
  • Limited methods

WJEC AS Psychology (6 decks)

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