Research methods Spring + Summer term Flashcards
Binomial test (assumption)
Nominal data
Single dichotomy
Scores come from a random sample of population
Data is independent
Chance level is known
Chi square test of independence (assumption)
Nominal data
Two dichotomies
Scores come from a random sample
Independent data
N is at least 40
Expected frequency of each category is at least 5
Chi - square test of independence (non - parametric alternative)
Fisher’s exact test
Chi - square goodness of fit test (assumption)
Nominal data
Multiple levels of a single dependent variable
Scores come from a random sample
Independent data
Each category has an expected N of 5 or above
One sample t - test (assumption)
Independent data
Continuous data
Normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test)
One sample t - test (non-parametric alternative)
One sample Wilcoxon
Independent samples t - test (assumption)
Independent data
Interval data
N is equal to or bigger than 12
Normal distribution (Shapiro - Wilk test)
Homogeneity of Variance (Levene’s test)
What is Homogeneity of variance
Variance of one condition should be similar to the variance of another condition.
Independent samples t - test (non - parametric alternative)
Mann Whitney U - Test
Paired samples t - test (assumption)
Interval data
Within samples design
N is equal to or bigger than 12
Differences between conditions are normally distributes
Paired samples t - test (non - parametric alternative)
Wilcoxon signed ranks test for related samples
Control variable
Things you intentionally keep the same in your experiment
Control condition
A separate condition that helps you understand the role of the IV, or helps you rule out the alternative explanations for your result.
Extraneous variable
Not controlled in the experiment
Could have an effect on the DV
Confounding variable
Vary systematically with the IV to influence the DV
Are likely to influence the results
Central tendency
Mid point
Variability
Spread
Standard error
Standard deviation / square root of N
Qualitative methods
Inductive, Natural setting, Interviews, observations, generate hypothesis
Text based methods
Thematic analysis
Content analysis
Interpretative Phenomenonlogical analysis (IPA)
Discourse analysis (DA)
Converstion analysis (CA)
Grounded theory
Non - text based qualitative approached
Repertory grids
Q - methodology
Microanalysis of audio/video
Pluralistic methods
Conversation analysis
Detailed transcriptions of naturally occurring conversations
Determining means and resources people use
example: Sikveland and Stokoe (2020)
Discourse analysis
All types of spoken interaction and all types of written text
Language as a form of action
Language varies in relation to its function
Construction (DA)
Constructing (manipulating) one idea as being a specific way to further your argument (constructing your status as a working class parent)
Function (DA)
Discourse is functional
People use language for a specific purpose
Variation (DA)
Language varies in accordance with its function
All variation may be accurate the variation is there as it goes to serve different functions
Accountability (DA)
People manage responsibility in talk and text
Aim to present themselves in certain ways
Discourse devices (DA)
Disclaimers
Provision of detail
Reported speech
Category entitlement
Extreme case formulations
Three-part lists
Disclaimers (DD)
Attempting to avoid negative perception in anticipation (e.g. I’m not racist but..)
Reported speech (DD)
Used to enhance factuality of claim (she said this..)
Category entitlement (DD)
A reference to a particular category of person intended to enhance the reliability or authority of a claim (Scientists say….)
Extreme case formulations (DD)
Expressions which include extreme terms used to justify a claim (most, none, every)
Three part lists (DD)
Lists of words or phrases in three parts, persuasive rhetoric (time after time after time)
Interpretative repertoires (DA)
Recurrently used systems of terms used for characterising and evaluating actions, events and other phenomena.
Gibsons (2013) analysis of Milgrams obedience studies
Used a discourse analytic method
Considered how substantial minority disobeyed
Found occasional deviation from script
Less about obedience and more about persuasion.
