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psychology component 2 > Research Methods: Section 1 > Flashcards

Research Methods: Section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

advantage/disadvantage of qualitative data

A

a: increase validity levels
d: difficult to analyse and draw conclusion

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2
Q

lab experiment

A
  • experiment completely controlled by experimenter
  • artificial setting
  • real environment characteristics mimicked
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3
Q

advantage/disadvantage of lab experiment

A

a: replicability of procedures
a: high control over variables
d: loss of validity (artificial)
d: demand characteristics

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4
Q

advantage/disadvantage of online research

A

a: access to large sample size
a: cost effective
d: limited (surveys/questionnaires)
d: ethical issues (consent/privacy)

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5
Q

two kinds of quasi experiments

A
  • IV (natural experiment)
  • no IV (difference study)
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6
Q

natural experiments

A

naturally occurring events that approximate a controlled experiment, which a researcher exploits and merely observes

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7
Q

difference studies

A

A kind of quasi experiment. The independent variable is actually not something that varies at all - it is a condition that exists. The researcher records the effect of the ‘quasi-IV’ on a dependent variable.

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8
Q

correlational analysis

A

use to determine extent of a relationship between two variables (co-variables), type of non-experimental method

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9
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a statistical index of the relationship between covariables in a correlational anaylsis (from -1 to +1)

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10
Q

advantage/limitation of correlational analysis

A

a: provide info of strengths of relationship between variables
l: issue of causality
l: measurement of non-linear relationship

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11
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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12
Q

two types of OBSERVATION

A

Participant and non-participant

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13
Q

advantages/limitations of questionnaires

A

two types of OBSERVATION

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14
Q

Structured vs. Unstructured

A

S: aim to gather quantitative data from pre-planned answers
UnS: less rigid, interview content not known in advance

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15
Q

advantages/limitations of interviews

A

a: complex issues explored
a: subjective meaning gained
l: demand characteristics
l: ethical issue (deception)

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16
Q

advantages/disadvantages of case study

A

a: allow for detailed qualitative analysis
a: investigates behaviour which could be unethical to create artificially
d: difficult to generalise from individual cases
d: method relies on evidence interpretation, biased

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17
Q

content analysis

A

observing behaviour by looking at content of things produced, indirect observation (qual or quan)

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18
Q

advantage/disadvantages of content analysis

A

a: high ecological validity
d: observer bias

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19
Q

meta-analysis

A

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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20
Q

effective size

A

how big the differences are between two groups or how strong the relationship is between two continuous variables (correlational study)

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21
Q

advantage/disadvantage of meta-analysis

A

a: more reliable conclusions
d: invalid conclusions, diff studies so diff research designs

22
Q

advantage/disadvantage of longitudinal study

A

a: enable time/age to be studied
a: high control level
d: participants may drop out, biased

23
Q

advantage/disadvantage of cross-sectional study

A

a: enable time/age to be studied
a: quick
d: high levels of individual differences

24
Q

longitudinal vs cross-sectional

A

Longitudinal: Study that follows participants over time, to observe long-term effects & make comparisons between behaviour

Cross-Sectional: separate groups tested (eg: Tests different children in various age groups)

25
Q

advantage/disadvantage of peer reviews

A

a: established validity of research, prevents falsified work
a: provides valuable feedback
d: time consuming process
d: difficult to protect anonymity of referees

26
Q

advantage/disadvantage of multi-method approach

A

a: such studies more valid as greater insight
d: few researchers utilise as time consuming

27
Q

3 types of brain scans

A

CAT, MRI and PET

28
Q

CAT scan procedure

A

involves taking series of x-rays and combining them to form a 2d/3d picture of area. dye injected

29
Q

MRI scan procedure

A

magnetic field causes brain atoms to change alignment & emit radio signals. detector reads them and maps brain structure

30
Q

PET scan procedure

A

tracer administered (radioactive glucose) and glucose broken down, radioactive material emits positrons which are picked up

31
Q

CAT scan pros/cons

A

p: useful for revealing abnormal structures, high quality images
c:require more radiation compared to normal x-rays

32
Q

MRI scans pros/cons

A

p: give more detailed image of soft tissue, doesn’t expose patients to radiation
c: take long time, uncomfortable

33
Q

PET scans pros/cons

A

p: show brain in action, useful in research
c: expensive, highly radioactive

34
Q

qualitative data def

A

non numerical data

35
Q

quantitative data def

A

numerical data (quantified form)

36
Q

advantage/disadvantage of quantitative data

A

a: easier to analyse and draw conclusions
d: loss of validity (other factors ignored)

37
Q

field experiment

A
  • experiment conducted in natural environment
  • popular for non-human animals
38
Q

advantage/disadvantage of field experiments

A

a: improved ecological validity
a: reduced demand characteristics
d: harder to establish controls
d: time & cost

39
Q

online research

A
  • allows researchers to access participants via the internet
40
Q

independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

41
Q

dependent variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

42
Q

advantage/disadvantage of quasi experiments

A

a: reduced demand characteristics
a: lack of direct intervention
d: loss of control
d: ethical issues

43
Q

positive correlation

A

A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.

44
Q

negative correlation

A

the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases

45
Q

undisclosed vs disclosed

A

undisclosed = participants unaware
disclosed: participants aware

46
Q

advantage/limitations of naturalistic observations

A

a: validity
a: avoidance of demand characteristics
l: control
l: ethical issues (deception/privacy invasion)

47
Q

questionnaires and interviews

A

questionnaires and interviews

48
Q

Open-ended and closed-ended questions

A

open ended (participant puts opinions down)

closed ended (limited to categorised answers)

49
Q

peer review

A

The assessment of work by others who are specialists in the same field to ensure that any research set for publication is high quality.

50
Q

multi-method approach

A

Uses different methods to investigate behaviour

51
Q

case study

A

an observation technique in which a person/group is studied using case history from range of sources

psychology component 2 (4 decks)

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