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Psychology Revision By me > Research Methods : Sampling , EI , CV , EM , ED > Flashcards

Research Methods : Sampling , EI , CV , EM , ED Flashcards

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1
Q

What are research methods?

A

The strategies, processes or techniques used in the collection of data or evidence for analysis to uncover new information

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2
Q

What are the 4 different type of Experiments?

A
  • Laboratory
  • Field
  • Natural
  • Quasi
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3
Q

What are the 5 different types of Methods of Sampling?

A
  • Random
  • Systematic
  • Stratisfied
  • Opportunity
  • Volunteer
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4
Q

Define Experimental Method

A

Involves the manipulation of an independent variable to measure the effect on the dependent variable
They may be: Laboratory, Field, Natural, Quasi

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5
Q

Define ‘Aim’

A

A general statement of what the research as intend to investigate; the purpose of the study.

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6
Q

Define ‘Hypothesis’

A

A clear precise testable statement that stage the relationship between variables to be investigated.
Stated at the outset of any study

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7
Q

What is a “Directional Hypothesis”

A

It states the direction of the difference or the relationship

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8
Q

Define ‘Non-Directional Hypothesis’

A

It does not state the direction or relationship

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9
Q

What are ‘Variables’

A

The thing that can vary or change within an investigation. Variables are generally used in experiments to determine if changes in one thing result to changes in another.

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10
Q

What is a ‘Independent Variable’

IV

A

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher so that we can measure the effect on the dependent variable.

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11
Q

What is a ‘Dependent Variable’

A

The variable that is measured by the researcher. Any effect on this variable should be caused by changes in the independent variable.

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12
Q

What is meant by an ‘Extraneous Variable’

A

Any variable, other than the independent variable, that may have an effect on the dependent variable if it is not controlled.
They are also known as nuisance variables.
Example of this :
age of participants
Gender
Lighting in the lab

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13
Q

What is meant by a ‘Confounding Variable’

A

Any extraneous variable that vary systematically with the independent variable so we cannot be sure of the true source of change to the dependent variable.

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14
Q

Define “Operationalisation’

A

Clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured.

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15
Q

Define ‘Demand Characteristics’

A

Any queue from the researcher or from the research situation that may be interpreted by the participants which leads to the reveal of the investigation
This may lead to participants changing their behaviour

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16
Q

Define ‘Investigator Effect’

A

Any affect of the investigators behaviour (conscious or unconscious) on the research outcome. This may include everything from the design of the study to selection and interaction with participants during the research process.

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17
Q

Define ‘Randomisation’

Example…

A

The use of chance in order to control for the effects of bias when designing materials and decide on the order of conditions.
Example: 10 participants in a hat the 5 drawn in Group 2 and the ones not drawn in Group 1.

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18
Q

Define ‘Standardisation’

A

Using exactly the same formalise procedures and instructions for all participants in the study

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19
Q

What is an ‘Independent Group Design’

A

Participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents one experimental condition.

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20
Q

What is a repeated measures design.

A

All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment.

21
Q

What is matched pairs design

A

Pairs of participants are matched on some variables that may affect the dependent variable. One person does condition A and the other condition B.

22
Q

Define random allocation

A

Attempt to control participants in an IDG which insures each participant has the same chances to be in a condition as any other.

23
Q

Define counterbalancing

A

An attempt to control for the effective order in a RMD: half participants experience the condition one order and the other in opposite order

24
Q

Define ‘Population’

A

A large group of individuals that particular researcher may be interested in studying
Example : student in sixth form

25
Q

Define ‘Target Population’

A

Particular subset of the overall population from which the sample will be taken.
Example: students attend in sixth form in Newcastle

26
Q

Define ‘Sample’

A

A group of people who take part in a research investigation.

Drawn from target population and is a representative of that population.

27
Q

Define ‘Representation’

A

Contains the same characteristics is the target population from which sample was taken.

28
Q

Define generalisation

A

The extent to which figures and conclusions can be broadly applied to the population.

29
Q

What is random sampling

A

Each member has an equal chance of being selected.
A list of all members of target population is obtained.
They are all assigned a number it is then generated using a lottery method.

30
Q

What are Strengths of Random Sampling.

A

1.) Free from researcher bias
Has no influence on who is selected.
2.) Produces a representative sample as each member has an equal chance of selection.

31
Q

Limitations of Random Sampling

A

1.) Difficult and time consuming
A complete list of TO may be difficult to obtain.
2.) Could end up with an unrepresentative sample.
3.) Selected participants may refuse to take part

32
Q

What is ‘systematic sampling’

A

When every nth member of a population is selecting using a sampling frame.
This is created using a list of the TP in an organised order.
If there is a TP of 25 and a sample of 5 was needed you would chose every 5th person.

33
Q

Strengths of systematic sampling

A

1.) It avoids research bias
Once the system for selection had been established, researcher had no influence over who is chose
2.) Fairly representative

34
Q

Limitations of systematic sampling

A

1.) the selected participants may still refuse to take part

End up with more of a volunteer sample.

35
Q

What is Stratified Sampling

A

Composition of sample reflects proportion of people in sub groups with TP (age or gender)
The researcher works out how many participants are needed from each sub-group
They are then picked randomly.

36
Q

Strengths of stratified sampling

A

1.) Avoids researcher bias
Once the TP has been subdivided into strata participants are randomly selected
2.) A highly representative sample as it it designed to accurately reflect the composition of the population.
Generalisation of findings becomes possible.

37
Q

Limitations of Stratified Sampling.

A
  1. ) The identified strata cannot reflect all the ways people are different. A complete representation of TP is not possible
  2. ) Selected participants may still refuse to take part -> volunteer sample.
38
Q

What is Opportunity Sampling

A

Selecting anyone who happens to be willing or available.

Researchers simply takes the chance to ask whoever is around at time of study.

39
Q

Strengths of opportunity sampling

A

1.) It is convenient and the method saved a lot of time money and effort.

40
Q

Limitations of Opportunity Sampling

A
  1. ) Unrepresentative of TP as drawn from a very specific area such as one street in a town cannot be generalised of the TP
  2. ) Researcher bias is high as they have complete control over selection
41
Q

What is Volunteer Sampling

A

Individuals self select themselves to take part through adverts or magazines etc.

42
Q

Strengths of volunteer sampling

A

1.) Requires minimal input from researchers and means less time consuming in comparison to other sampling techniques.

43
Q

Limitations of Volunteer sampling

A

1.) Volunteer bias is a problem as asking for volunteers might attract a certain type of person. Eg.) Keen,Helpful or curious
This affects the findings and how they can be generalised

44
Q

Strengths of IDG

A
  1. ) Order effects are reduced because participants only experience one condition
  2. ) Demand characteristics are also reduces ad they only experience one condition therefore are less likely to guess the aim.
45
Q

Limitations of IDG

A
  1. ) participants are not the same therefore the difference between groups on DV may be due to individual differences
  2. ) Twice as many participants needed to produce equivalent data
46
Q

Strengths of RMD

A
  1. ) Participant variables are controlled as you compare each score in 1 condition to their score to another
  2. ) Fewer participants needed therefore study is more economical
47
Q

Limitations of RMD

A
  1. ) Order effects are present eg: tiredness or boredom (confounding variables)
  2. ) People are more likely to work out the aim (demand characteristics)
48
Q

Strengths of MPD

A
  1. ) Participant variables are reduced
  2. ) Order effects are avoided
  3. ) Demand characteristic are reduced
49
Q

Limitations of MPD

A
  1. ) Individual differences still occur - participant variables
  2. ) Time consuming to match participants and also expensive

Psychology Revision By me (2 decks)

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