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Research Methods > Research Methods Past Paper MCQs > Flashcards

Research Methods Past Paper MCQs Flashcards

1
Q

What type of data can researchers use as the dependent variable in multiple regression?

a. Qualitative
b. Nominal
c. Polymnominal
d. Interval

A

Interval

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2
Q

If you reject the null hypothesis, when it is in fact correct, this is known as a:

a. Type 1 error
b. Type 11 error
c. Cronbach’s Alpha
d. Roy’s Largest Root

A

Type 1 error

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3
Q 
In the context of ANOVA, SS is an abbreviation of which term?
a. Subtracted Sum
b. Squared Statistic
c. Sum of Squares
d Square Root of the Sum
A

Sum of squares

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4
Q

If a researcher wanted to examine the differences in mental toughness scores between independent groups of footballers (1st team, 2nd team, and 3rd team players) which test could she choose?

a. One way independent ANOVA
b. Repeated measures ANOVA
c. Multiple regression
d. t test

A

One way independent ANOVA

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5
Q 
Conducting multiple t tests in place of the more appropriate omnibus test increases what?
a. Validity
b. Family wise error rate
c. Reliability
d. Internal consistency
A

Familywise error rate

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6
Q

A researcher conducts a study that has two factors. Each factor has two levels. What type of ANOVA would be appropriate?

a. A 3x2 Independent ANOVA
b. A 2x3 Independent ANOVA
c. A 3x3 Independent ANOVA
d. A 2x2 Independent ANOVA

A

A 2x2 Independent ANOVA

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7
Q

Levene’s test for equality of variances is used to test if:

a. The assumption of homogeneity of variance has been satisfied
b. The assumption of independence has been satisfied
c. The assumption of equality of medians has been satisfied
d. The assumption of normality has been satisfied

A

The assumption of homogeneity of variance has been satisfied

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8
Q

In which method of multiple regression are all the independent variables are entered simultaneously?

a. Stepwise multiple regression
b. Regression to the mean
c. Forced entry regression
d. Hierarchical multiple regression

A

Forced entry regression

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9
Q 
What does ΔR2 mean?
Sum of R2
Change in R2
Square root of R2
None of the above
A

Change in R2

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10
Q 
Which effect size might you wish to report if you are conducting a one way independent ANOVA?
Omega squared
Cohen’s d
Hedge’s g
Pillai’s Trace
A

Cohen’s d

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11
Q

Which of the following is not an assumption of ANOVA?

a. Independence of observations
b. Normality
c. Homoscedasticity
d. Sample size

A

Sample size

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12
Q

What is the population variance of these numbers: 1, 2, 3
0.667
1
3
Impossible to calculate from the information provided

A

0.667

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13
Q

What is the sample variance of these three numbers: 1, 2, 3:

a. 0.667
b. 1
c. 3
d. Impossible to calculate from the information provided

A

1

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14
Q 
Which test statistic is associated with ANOVA?
F test
t test
r
b
A

F test

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15
Q

If a researcher failed to reject a false null hypothesis, this would be:

a. Type I error
b. Type II error
c. Cronbach’s alpha
d. Box’s M

A

A type II error

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16
Q

The equation for a family wise error is:

a. 1 x (1- α)n
b. 1 + (1- α)n
c. 1 / (1- α)n
d. 1 - (1- α)n

A

1 - (1- α)n

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17
Q

In multiple regression casewise diagnostics, if residuals are normally distributed then you would expect approximately 95% of the standardized residuals to be within which range?

a. 0 to 0.05
b. -2 to +2
c. +2 to +4
d. -1 to +1

A

-2 to +2

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18
Q

Shapiro Wilks test can be used to examine which assumption?

a. Multicollinearity of residuals
b. Independence
c. Internal consistency
d. Normality

A

Normality

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19
Q

Tests in which the distributions of the variables being assessed are assumed to fit a probability distribution (e.g., a normal distribution) are commonly known as what?

a. Non parametric tests
b. Parametric tests
c. Robust statistics
d. Non robust statistics

A

Parametric tests

20
Q

If data are measured on a scale that does not involve equal units (i.e. nominal or ordinal scales) what type of test should a researcher use?

a. Parametric statistics
b. Non parametric statistics
c. Grounded theory
d. Quasi experimental

A

Non-parametric statistics

21
Q

A major advantage of ANOVA is that it can:
Be conducted with zero chance of a type I error
Be conducted with a zero chance of type II error
Both A and B
Compare the data from more than two conditions with a single test

A

Compare the data from more than two conditions with a single test

22
Q

An F ratio can be calculated using which equation?

a. Variability between treatment conditions divided by variability within treatment conditions
b. Variability between treatment conditions multiplied by variability within treatment conditions
c. The sum of the variability between treatment conditions and the variability within treatment conditions
d. The sum of squares of the variability between treatment conditions divided and the variability within treatment conditions

A

Variability between treatment conditions divided by variability within treatment conditions

23
Q

A researcher conducts a study to compare the bone mineral density of women with different diets. Twenty-four participants had one of the three following diet types: Vegan, Vegetarian, Fruitarian. In the current study design identify the dependent variable.

a. Diet type
b. Bone mineral density
c. Twenty-four participants
d. Gender

A

Bone mineral density

24
Q

A researcher conducts a study to compare the power of men with different training regimes. Thirty participants had one of three training programs; plyometrics, resistance band exercises, or Pilates. In the current study design identify the number of factors and levels.

a. 2 factors (3x2 levels)
b. 1 factor (3 levels)
c. 1 factor (2 levels)
d. 3 factors (2x3x3 levels)

A

1 factor (3 levels)

25
Q

A researcher conducts a study to investigate the influence of different protein shakes on perceived delayed onset muscle soreness. Trained athletes completed a gym workout and consumed a protein shake 24 hours before reporting their level of DOMS. The drinks were randomly assigned in doses of 10g, 20g, 30g, 40g, and 50g and were either cold or warmed to 37 ° C. In the current study design identify the number of factors and levels.

a. 3 factors (2x2x2 levels)
b. 2 factors (2x5 levels)
c. 1 factor (2 levels)
d. 1 factor (3 levels)

A

2 factors (2x5 levels)

26
Q

A researcher conducted a study to investigate the effects of cadence and work rate on overall perceived exertion during cycling. Fifty cyclists pedalled on a cycle ergometer for 3 mins at each of the three work rates (100, 150, & 200 W) and cadences (50, 70, & 90 rev.min-1). At the end of each bout they rated their perceived exertion on a scale of 0-10. In the current study design identify the independent variables.

a. Perceived exertion
b. Fifty participants
c. Work rate and cadence
d. Cadence alone

A

Work rate and cadence

27
Q

In the formula for Chi-square, what does O mean?

a. Overt frequency
b. Oblique frequency
c. Observed frequency
d. Ordinal frequency

A

Observed frequency

28
Q

Of the following, which is an example of a true experimental design?

a. Randomised pretest – posttest control group design
b. Qualitative and ethnographic data
c. Concepts by postulation but not concepts by intuition
d. One-shot case study

A

Randomised pretest - posttest control group study design

29
Q

A researcher is conducting a study in which he will run 4 independent t tests. The researcher decides to apply the Bonferroni correction technique to the 0.05 alpha level to control Type 1 error rate. To be significant, a p value will need to be less than?

a. 0.05
b. 0.0125
c. .02
d. .07

A

0.0125

30
Q 
If a set of weighing scales is inaccurate by +1kg, but is consistently inaccurate by +1kg you could say that the scales are:
a. Reliable and valid
b. Reliable but not valid
c. Valid but not reliable
d. None of the above
A

Reliable but not valid

31
Q 
Which is the correct equation for multiple regression?
Y=bo +b1X1 +b2X2 +bnXn
Y=Xo +b1X1 +b2X2 +bnXn
X=Yo +b1X1 +b2X2 +bnXn
X=bo -b1X1 +b2X2 +bnXn
A

Y=bo +b1X1 +b2X2 +bnXn

32
Q

If an experimenter decides the order in which variables are entered into a regression model, they are likely to be conducting which type of multiple linear regression?

a. Stepwise backward
b. Stepwise forward
c. Hierarchical
d. Forced entry

A

Hierarchical

33
Q

Which of the following is not an assumption of multiple regression?

a. Linearity of residuals
b. Homoscedasticity of residuals
c. Normality of residuals
d. Correlation of residuals

A

Correlation of residuals

34
Q

In the equation for multiple regression bo means what?
a. The regression coefficient for the first variable of interest
b. The intercept on the Y axis
c. The dependent variable
d. The standard error

A

The intercept on the Y axis

35
Q

If you wanted to examine whether residuals are linear when conducting multiple regression using SPSS, which standardised variables would you plot on a graph?

a. Standard error skewness and skewness
b. Standard error kurtosis and kurtosis
c. Regression standardised residuals (ZRESID) and regression standardized predicted value (ZPRED)
d. A&B

A

Regression standardised residuals (ZRESID) and regression standardized predicted value (ZPRED)

36
Q

What is the non-parametric equivalent of a one-way ANOVA?

a. Spearman’s rank order correlation
b. Mann-Whitney U test
c. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA
d. Friedman’s ANOVA

A

Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA

37
Q

What is the non-parametric equivalent of a repeated measures ANOVA?

a. Spearman’s rank order correlation
b. Mann-Whitney U test
c. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA
d. Friedman’s ANOVA

A

Friedman’s ANOVA

38
Q

When conducting a Chi-square test, how large should the expected frequencies be to avoid having insufficient statistical power?

a. >1
b. >3.29
c. >0.05
d. >5

A

> 5

39
Q

For a Chi-square test to be meaningful which of the following rules need to be true?

a. Each person, item or entity contributes to only one cell of the contingency table
b. You use a repeated measures design
c. You have a normal distribution
d. You have no multicollinearity of residuals

A

Each person, item or entity contributes to only one cell of the contingency table

40
Q

What is the normal level of alpha used in the social sciences?

a. 0.5
b. 0.05
c. 0.005
d. 0.1

A

0.05

41
Q

The homogeneity of variance test in a one-way independent ANOVA
revealed a p-value of 0.033. What can be concluded from this?
a. The spread of the groups’ scores are similar
b. The relevant null hypothesis for the F-test can be rejected
c. The spread of the groups’ scores are dissimilar
d. The relevant null hypothesis for the F-test can be accepted

A

The spread of the groups’ scores are dissimilar

42
Q

Levene’s test for Equality of Variances is used to test if:

a. the means of the groups are significantly different
b. the scores of each group are reliable
c. the median of the groups are equal
d. the spread of the groups’ scores are significantly different

A

the spread of the groups’ scores are significantly different

43
Q

A researcher was studying the effects of a four week all-out sprint training programme on the kinetics of oxygen uptake (VO2max). The VO2max kinetics of ten participants were recorded at the beginning of the study (baseline) and weekly for four weeks. Which of the following statistical tests would be most appropriate to determine if there was any significant change in !!! kinetics over time?

a. A one-way independent ANOVA
b. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures
c. A two-way independent ANOVA
d. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA

A

A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures

44
Q

How many null hypotheses are typically associated with a two-way mixed-model ANOVA?

a. 5
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

A

3

45
Q

Which of the following correlations is the strongest?

a. r =-.67
b. r = .07
c. r = .06
d. r = .76

A

r = 0.76

Research Methods (2 decks)

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