Research Methods Past Paper MCQs Flashcards
What type of data can researchers use as the dependent variable in multiple regression?
a. Qualitative
b. Nominal
c. Polymnominal
d. Interval
Interval
If you reject the null hypothesis, when it is in fact correct, this is known as a:
a. Type 1 error
b. Type 11 error
c. Cronbach’s Alpha
d. Roy’s Largest Root
Type 1 error
In the context of ANOVA, SS is an abbreviation of which term? a. Subtracted Sum b. Squared Statistic c. Sum of Squares d Square Root of the Sum
Sum of squares
If a researcher wanted to examine the differences in mental toughness scores between independent groups of footballers (1st team, 2nd team, and 3rd team players) which test could she choose?
a. One way independent ANOVA
b. Repeated measures ANOVA
c. Multiple regression
d. t test
One way independent ANOVA
Conducting multiple t tests in place of the more appropriate omnibus test increases what? a. Validity b. Family wise error rate c. Reliability d. Internal consistency
Familywise error rate
A researcher conducts a study that has two factors. Each factor has two levels. What type of ANOVA would be appropriate?
a. A 3x2 Independent ANOVA
b. A 2x3 Independent ANOVA
c. A 3x3 Independent ANOVA
d. A 2x2 Independent ANOVA
A 2x2 Independent ANOVA
Levene’s test for equality of variances is used to test if:
a. The assumption of homogeneity of variance has been satisfied
b. The assumption of independence has been satisfied
c. The assumption of equality of medians has been satisfied
d. The assumption of normality has been satisfied
The assumption of homogeneity of variance has been satisfied
In which method of multiple regression are all the independent variables are entered simultaneously?
a. Stepwise multiple regression
b. Regression to the mean
c. Forced entry regression
d. Hierarchical multiple regression
Forced entry regression
What does ΔR2 mean? Sum of R2 Change in R2 Square root of R2 None of the above
Change in R2
Which effect size might you wish to report if you are conducting a one way independent ANOVA? Omega squared Cohen’s d Hedge’s g Pillai’s Trace
Cohen’s d
Which of the following is not an assumption of ANOVA?
a. Independence of observations
b. Normality
c. Homoscedasticity
d. Sample size
Sample size
What is the population variance of these numbers: 1, 2, 3
0.667
1
3
Impossible to calculate from the information provided
0.667
What is the sample variance of these three numbers: 1, 2, 3:
a. 0.667
b. 1
c. 3
d. Impossible to calculate from the information provided
1
Which test statistic is associated with ANOVA? F test t test r b
F test
If a researcher failed to reject a false null hypothesis, this would be:
a. Type I error
b. Type II error
c. Cronbach’s alpha
d. Box’s M
A type II error
The equation for a family wise error is:
a. 1 x (1- α)n
b. 1 + (1- α)n
c. 1 / (1- α)n
d. 1 - (1- α)n
1 - (1- α)n
In multiple regression casewise diagnostics, if residuals are normally distributed then you would expect approximately 95% of the standardized residuals to be within which range?
a. 0 to 0.05
b. -2 to +2
c. +2 to +4
d. -1 to +1
-2 to +2
Shapiro Wilks test can be used to examine which assumption?
a. Multicollinearity of residuals
b. Independence
c. Internal consistency
d. Normality
Normality
Tests in which the distributions of the variables being assessed are assumed to fit a probability distribution (e.g., a normal distribution) are commonly known as what?
a. Non parametric tests
b. Parametric tests
c. Robust statistics
d. Non robust statistics
Parametric tests
If data are measured on a scale that does not involve equal units (i.e. nominal or ordinal scales) what type of test should a researcher use?
a. Parametric statistics
b. Non parametric statistics
c. Grounded theory
d. Quasi experimental
Non-parametric statistics
A major advantage of ANOVA is that it can:
Be conducted with zero chance of a type I error
Be conducted with a zero chance of type II error
Both A and B
Compare the data from more than two conditions with a single test
Compare the data from more than two conditions with a single test
An F ratio can be calculated using which equation?
a. Variability between treatment conditions divided by variability within treatment conditions
b. Variability between treatment conditions multiplied by variability within treatment conditions
c. The sum of the variability between treatment conditions and the variability within treatment conditions
d. The sum of squares of the variability between treatment conditions divided and the variability within treatment conditions
Variability between treatment conditions divided by variability within treatment conditions
A researcher conducts a study to compare the bone mineral density of women with different diets. Twenty-four participants had one of the three following diet types: Vegan, Vegetarian, Fruitarian. In the current study design identify the dependent variable.
a. Diet type
b. Bone mineral density
c. Twenty-four participants
d. Gender
Bone mineral density
A researcher conducts a study to compare the power of men with different training regimes. Thirty participants had one of three training programs; plyometrics, resistance band exercises, or Pilates. In the current study design identify the number of factors and levels.
a. 2 factors (3x2 levels)
b. 1 factor (3 levels)
c. 1 factor (2 levels)
d. 3 factors (2x3x3 levels)
1 factor (3 levels)
A researcher conducts a study to investigate the influence of different protein shakes on perceived delayed onset muscle soreness. Trained athletes completed a gym workout and consumed a protein shake 24 hours before reporting their level of DOMS. The drinks were randomly assigned in doses of 10g, 20g, 30g, 40g, and 50g and were either cold or warmed to 37 ° C. In the current study design identify the number of factors and levels.
a. 3 factors (2x2x2 levels)
b. 2 factors (2x5 levels)
c. 1 factor (2 levels)
d. 1 factor (3 levels)
2 factors (2x5 levels)
A researcher conducted a study to investigate the effects of cadence and work rate on overall perceived exertion during cycling. Fifty cyclists pedalled on a cycle ergometer for 3 mins at each of the three work rates (100, 150, & 200 W) and cadences (50, 70, & 90 rev.min-1). At the end of each bout they rated their perceived exertion on a scale of 0-10. In the current study design identify the independent variables.
a. Perceived exertion
b. Fifty participants
c. Work rate and cadence
d. Cadence alone
Work rate and cadence
In the formula for Chi-square, what does O mean?
a. Overt frequency
b. Oblique frequency
c. Observed frequency
d. Ordinal frequency
Observed frequency
Of the following, which is an example of a true experimental design?
a. Randomised pretest – posttest control group design
b. Qualitative and ethnographic data
c. Concepts by postulation but not concepts by intuition
d. One-shot case study
Randomised pretest - posttest control group study design
A researcher is conducting a study in which he will run 4 independent t tests. The researcher decides to apply the Bonferroni correction technique to the 0.05 alpha level to control Type 1 error rate. To be significant, a p value will need to be less than?
a. 0.05
b. 0.0125
c. .02
d. .07
0.0125
If a set of weighing scales is inaccurate by +1kg, but is consistently inaccurate by +1kg you could say that the scales are: a. Reliable and valid b. Reliable but not valid c. Valid but not reliable d. None of the above
Reliable but not valid
Which is the correct equation for multiple regression? Y=bo +b1X1 +b2X2 +bnXn Y=Xo +b1X1 +b2X2 +bnXn X=Yo +b1X1 +b2X2 +bnXn X=bo -b1X1 +b2X2 +bnXn
Y=bo +b1X1 +b2X2 +bnXn
If an experimenter decides the order in which variables are entered into a regression model, they are likely to be conducting which type of multiple linear regression?
a. Stepwise backward
b. Stepwise forward
c. Hierarchical
d. Forced entry
Hierarchical
Which of the following is not an assumption of multiple regression?
a. Linearity of residuals
b. Homoscedasticity of residuals
c. Normality of residuals
d. Correlation of residuals
Correlation of residuals
In the equation for multiple regression bo means what?
a. The regression coefficient for the first variable of interest
b. The intercept on the Y axis
c. The dependent variable
d. The standard error
The intercept on the Y axis
If you wanted to examine whether residuals are linear when conducting multiple regression using SPSS, which standardised variables would you plot on a graph?
a. Standard error skewness and skewness
b. Standard error kurtosis and kurtosis
c. Regression standardised residuals (ZRESID) and regression standardized predicted value (ZPRED)
d. A&B
Regression standardised residuals (ZRESID) and regression standardized predicted value (ZPRED)
What is the non-parametric equivalent of a one-way ANOVA?
a. Spearman’s rank order correlation
b. Mann-Whitney U test
c. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA
d. Friedman’s ANOVA
Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA
What is the non-parametric equivalent of a repeated measures ANOVA?
a. Spearman’s rank order correlation
b. Mann-Whitney U test
c. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA
d. Friedman’s ANOVA
Friedman’s ANOVA
When conducting a Chi-square test, how large should the expected frequencies be to avoid having insufficient statistical power?
a. >1
b. >3.29
c. >0.05
d. >5
> 5
For a Chi-square test to be meaningful which of the following rules need to be true?
a. Each person, item or entity contributes to only one cell of the contingency table
b. You use a repeated measures design
c. You have a normal distribution
d. You have no multicollinearity of residuals
Each person, item or entity contributes to only one cell of the contingency table
What is the normal level of alpha used in the social sciences?
a. 0.5
b. 0.05
c. 0.005
d. 0.1
0.05
The homogeneity of variance test in a one-way independent ANOVA
revealed a p-value of 0.033. What can be concluded from this?
a. The spread of the groups’ scores are similar
b. The relevant null hypothesis for the F-test can be rejected
c. The spread of the groups’ scores are dissimilar
d. The relevant null hypothesis for the F-test can be accepted
The spread of the groups’ scores are dissimilar
Levene’s test for Equality of Variances is used to test if:
a. the means of the groups are significantly different
b. the scores of each group are reliable
c. the median of the groups are equal
d. the spread of the groups’ scores are significantly different
the spread of the groups’ scores are significantly different
A researcher was studying the effects of a four week all-out sprint training programme on the kinetics of oxygen uptake (VO2max). The VO2max kinetics of ten participants were recorded at the beginning of the study (baseline) and weekly for four weeks. Which of the following statistical tests would be most appropriate to determine if there was any significant change in !!! kinetics over time?
a. A one-way independent ANOVA
b. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures
c. A two-way independent ANOVA
d. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA
A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures
How many null hypotheses are typically associated with a two-way mixed-model ANOVA?
a. 5
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
3
Which of the following correlations is the strongest?
a. r =-.67
b. r = .07
c. r = .06
d. r = .76
r = 0.76
