Research Methods - Observational techniques Flashcards
What are observations?
Non-experimental studies…don’t manipulate variables!
Researchers study observable behaviour within a natural or controlled setting.
Evaluate observations.
+ They capture what people actually do.
- Risk of observer bias.
- Can’t demonstrate causal relationships.
What is a naturalistic observation?
Watching and recording behaviour in the setting within which it would normally occur.
Strength of a naturalistic observation.
High external validity.
Generalisable findings
Limitation of a naturalistic observation.
Hard to replicate as variables are controlled.
Hard to gain consent.
What is a controlled observation?
Watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment where variables are managed.
Strength of a controlled observation.
Easier to replicate.
Limitations of a controlled observation
Hard to apply to real-life…low external validity.
What is a non-participant observation?
Researcher remains outside of the group whose behaviour s/he is watch/recording.
Strength of a non-participant observation.
Maintain objective distance.
Limitation of a non-participant observation.
Lose valuable insight…too removed.
What is a participant observation?
Researcher becomes a member of the group whose behaviour s/he is watch/recording.
Strength of a participant observation.
Increased insight into participants lives = increased external validity.
Limitation of a participant observation.
Lose objectivity…identify too strongly with actual participants.
What is a covert observation?
Participants behaviour is watched and recorded without their knowledge or consent.
