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Year 1 Psychology > Research Methods - Data analysis, interpretation and reporting > Flashcards

Research Methods - Data analysis, interpretation and reporting Flashcards

All AS and A2 research methods on the AQA psychology specification are covered as part of this deck

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1
Q

Significance level most often used in Psychology

A

P<0.05

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2
Q

Determination that the results are significantly strong to reject the null hypothesis

A

Significance

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3
Q

The likelihood that certain events will occur

A

Probability

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4
Q

The value a test statistic must reach in order to consider the result significant

A

Critical value

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5
Q

The value of a statistic that is calculated for a particular data set (outcome of the stats test)

A

Calculated value

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6
Q

(False-positive) occurs if an investigator falsely rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population

A

Type I error

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7
Q

(False-negative) occurs if an investigator fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false in the population

A

Type II error

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8
Q

Decreasing the probability of a type I error increases…

A

the probability of a type II error

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9
Q

How to decrease the likelihood of a Type I error

A

Use a smaller significance level (P<0.01)

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10
Q

How to decrease the likelihood of a Type II error

A

Increase the sample size in the study

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11
Q

Choose the test: Difference, nominal data, Independent Measures

A

Chi Squared (x2)

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12
Q

Choose the test: Difference, at least ordinal data, independent measures

A

Mann Whitney U (U)

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13
Q

Choose the test: difference, interval/ratio data that is normally distributed, Independent measures design

A

Unrelated t-test (R)

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14
Q

Choose the test: difference, nominal data, repeated measures

A

Sign test (S)

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15
Q

Choose the test: difference, at least ordinal data, repeated measures design

A

Wilcoxon t test (T)

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16
Q

Choose the test: difference, internal/ration data that is normally distributed, repeated measures deign

A

Related t-test (R)

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17
Q

Choose the test: Correlation, nominal data

A

Chi Squared (x2)

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18
Q

Choose the test: correlation, at least ordinal data

A

Spearman’s Rho (Rs)

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19
Q

Choose the test: Correlation, interval/ratio data that is normally distributed

A

Pearson’s product moment

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20
Q

Sign test: should the calculated value be greater than or less than for significance?

A

Equal to or less than

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21
Q

Mann Whitney U: should the calculated value be greater than or less than for significance?

A

Equal to or less than

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22
Q

Wilcoxon: should the calculated value be greater than or less than for significance?

A

Equal to or less than

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23
Q

Chi Squared: should the calculated value be greater than or less than for significance?

A

Equal to or greater than

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24
Q

Unrelated t test: should the calculated value be greater than or less than for significance?

A

Equal to or greater than

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25
Q

Related t test: should the calculated value be greater than or less than for significance?

A

Equal to or greater than

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26
Q

Spearman’s Rho: should the calculated value be greater than or less than for significance?

A

Equal to or greater than

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27
Q

Pearson’s Product moment: should the calculated value be greater than or less than for significance?

A

Equal to or greater than

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28
Q

Which inferential statistic do I have to calculate by hand?

A

Sign test

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29
Q

Examples of descriptive statistics

A

Central tendency, measures of dispersion, charts and graphs

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30
Q

Measures of central tendency show what

A

The average of a set of data (mean, median or mode)

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31
Q

The mean is..

A

found by adding all scores and dividing by the number of scores - the arithmetic average

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32
Q

The median is..

A

The central/middle value (once all data is in order)

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33
Q

The mode is…

A

The most frequently occurring value

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34
Q

Strength of the mean

A

Most representative as it uses all the data scores

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35
Q

Weakness of the mean

A

Easily distorted by outliers

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36
Q

Strength of the median

A

Unaffected by extreme scores/outliers

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37
Q

Weakness of the median

A

Less sensitive (ignores extreme values that may be important!)

38
Q

Strength of the mode

A

easy to calculate

39
Q

Weakness of the mode

A

Crude, not very useful, doesn’t represent all the data, might me more than one!

40
Q

Measures of dispersion show..

A

The spread of data (range or standard deviation)

41
Q

The range is

A

overall data spread. Biggest value minus the smallest value

42
Q

Strength of the range

A

Easy to calcuate

43
Q

Weakness of the range

A

Doesn’t take into account all data, extreme values only

44
Q

The standard deviation is

A

a measure of the average deviation from the mean

45
Q

How do you calculate standard deviation?

A

Step 1: Find the mean.
Step 2: For each data point, find the square of its distance to the mean.
Step 3: Sum the values from Step 2.
Step 4: Divide by the number of data points.
Step 5: Take the square root.

46
Q

What type of graph should I use to represent the strength and direction of a correlation?

A

Scatter graph/Scattergram

47
Q

When plotting a scatter gram which co-variable goes on the X axis?

A

It doesn’t matter!

48
Q

What type of graph represents the frequency of each variable by the height of its spaced columns and is only used with Discrete data?

A

Bar Chart

49
Q

When plotting a bar chart which variable goes on the X axis?

A

The categories (the IV)

50
Q

What type of graph displays continuous data and uses the height and width of touching bars to show frequency?

A

Histogram

51
Q

The X axis of a histogram must start at..

A

True 0

52
Q

What does the Y axis of a histogram represent?

A

the frequency

53
Q

A summary table would display…

A

Raw data

54
Q

A normal distribution graph looks like…

A

a Bell curve, symetrical

55
Q

In a normal distribution the mean, median and mode are

A

The same (at the highest peak of the curve)

56
Q

In a normal distribution the tails of the curve never touch what?

A

The X axis (they are never 0)

57
Q

A distribution curve that is not symmetrical is known as..

A

a Skewed distribution

58
Q

In a positively skewed distribution the curve leans..

A

towards the Y axis

59
Q

In a positively skewed distribution, the longer tail is on the left or right?

A

The right

60
Q

In a negatively skewed distribution the curve leans..

A

away from the Y axis

61
Q

In a negatively skewed distribution, the longer tail is on the left or right?

A

left

62
Q

In a skewed distribution curve, the measures of central tendency appear in what order (starting at the top of the curve working down the tail)?

A

Mode, median, mean

63
Q

In a normal distribution curve - what percentage of people appear within 1 standard deviation of the mean (either side)?

A

68%

64
Q

In a normal distribution curve - what percentage of people appear within 2 standard deviations of the mean (either side)?

A

95%

65
Q

In a normal distribution curve - what percentage of people appear within 3 standard deviations of the mean (either side)?

A

99.7%

66
Q

DV Data which is in rank order (ranked or rated)

A

Ordinal data

67
Q

DV data which is categorical

A

Nominal data

68
Q

DV data which is measured in fixed units with equal distance between points on the scale or set intervals

A

Interval data

69
Q

Which variable determined the level of data in a study?

A

Dependent variable

70
Q

Name the term: refers to the view that gathering data and evidence from experience (sensory information) is central to the scientific method, rather than simply relying upon our
own viewpoints.

A

empiricism

71
Q

Name the section of a report: A brief summary (150 – 200 words) of the key points of the study that appears at the start of the report

A

Abstract

72
Q

Name the section of a report: Background to the research area and rationale (why the study was conducted).
The background will include a literature review of relevant past studies and
theories,

A

Introduction

73
Q

Name the section of a report: Describes how the study was carried out in sufficient detail for someone else to be able to
replicate it.

A

Method

74
Q

Name the section of a report: Summarises the findings of the research clearly and accurately. There is normally a section on
descriptive statistics and also inferential statistics.

A

Results

75
Q

Name the section of a report: This section explains what the results mean and is broken down into several sections including looking at modifications and implications for further research

A

Discusson

76
Q

Name the section of a report: Information on sources of information used in the report shown in alphabetical order.

A

References

77
Q

Name the section of a report: Copies of materials that are not suited to any other section of the report

A

Appendices

78
Q

What method of referencing is used

A

Harvard

79
Q

Outline how an end of test reference should be written

A
  • Author surname then comma and initial followed by full stop
  • Publication year in brackets
  • Article title with no capitals apart from the first word and full stop at end
  • Journal title in italics with a comma
  • Volume & issue (in brackets) followed by comma
  • Page numbers with hyphen in between and full stop at end
80
Q

What information goes in an in text reference?

A

Surname of researchers, year of publication (pages numbers only if its a direct quote)

81
Q

If there are two or more researcher in the reference how do we link their names?

A

&

82
Q

If there are three or more researchers in the reference use

A

et al.

83
Q

What are the purposes of referencing?

A
  • To avoid plagiarism.
  • Provide a theoretical framework for the topic.
  • To acknowledge direct quotes.
  • To provide evidence to support arguments.
  • So that readers can check how much preparation has gone into your work and can find extra information
84
Q

When conducted research is assessed by others who specialise in the same field to ensure high quality this is known as

A

Peer Review

85
Q

When does peer review happen?

A

Before research can become part of a journal

86
Q

What are the aims of peer review?

A
  • Allocate funding decisions
  • Validate quality and relevance of research (looking for fraud also)
  • Suggest amendments and improvements
87
Q

Anonymity in peer review can be a problem, why?

A

Using this to criticise rival research

88
Q

Publication bias in peer review can be a problem, why?

A

Tendency to only want significant findings, ground-breaking research otherwise we see the file drawer phenomenon

89
Q

Why might someone bury groundbreaking research in the process of peer review

A

It challenges the status quo

90
Q

We must consider the impact of psychological research on what factor that represents financial sustainability?

A

The economy

Year 1 Psychology (9 decks)

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