research methods (ch 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the limits of experience, intuition, and authority figures?

A

We experience only one version of each situation.
○ Feelings don’t always tell us the truth
○ Authority figures are not all knowing

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2
Q

what’s one reason we commonly make cognitive errors?

A

overuse of heuristics (mental shortcuts that can facilitate problem-solving and probability judgments; e.g. rules of thumb, stereotyping)

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3
Q

what are the goals of psychological research (in order)?

A

describe (“what”), explain (“why”), predict (“anticipate”), and control (“change or modify”)
Don’t Ever Pet Crocodiles

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4
Q

a set of propositions about what people do and why

A

theory

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5
Q

what is a construct?

A

A skill, attribute, or ability that cannot be

directly observed

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6
Q

what are the three types of research methods?

A

descriptive, correlational, experimental

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7
Q

what is the goal of descriptive research?

A

to describe what is typical

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8
Q

what are the three types of descriptive research?

A

observational, case studies, surveys/self-reports

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9
Q

what’s the difference between naturalistic and participant observational studies?

A
naturalistic = The observer is passive (either covert or overt), no attempt to change or alter 
participant = observer is involved in situation
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10
Q

what are three things you must consider for an observational study?

A
  1. creating an operational definition (e.g. defining what “aggressive response” means)
  2. tracking behavior (recording “aggressive response” via what? A scale of 1-10?)
  3. situational features (e.g. are there parents around?)
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11
Q

what type of sampling is this?: each member of a sample has an equal chance of being chosen

A

random sampling

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12
Q

what kind of observational study is this?: intensive
examination of an unusual
person(s) or organization

A

case study

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13
Q

what are the cons of the three types of observational study?

A

natural observation: difficult to code
case study: generalizability
self-report: accuracy of responses

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14
Q

Occurs when measures of two variables are related, but are NOT causally
linked, usually because the statistical relationship is caused by a third
variable

A

spurious correlation

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15
Q

What type of research is this?

  • Measures how people typically think, feel, or behave
  • cannot test relationships among variables
  • can measure many variables
A

descriptive research

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16
Q

What type of research is this?

  • measures how variables are related to one another
  • cannot identify causal direction of the relationship
  • can measure many variables
A

correlational research

17
Q

what type of research is this?

  • testing whether one variable causes another
  • can only examine a few variables in one study; not all variables can be manipulated
  • can establish a causal direction of relationship
A

experimental research

18
Q

something that makes it unclear what really causes the results of an experiment

19
Q

an improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

A

placebo effect

20
Q

actual change in the behavior of humans or nonhuman animals being observed that is due to the expectations of the research staff/observer

A

expectancy effects

21
Q

True or false: researchers should use a double-blind design in which neither researchers nor subjects know who is in the experimental or control group

22
Q

true or false: researchers can disguise the purpose of their study if the scientific merits are worth it

23
Q

what are strengths of experiments?

A
  1. can show cause and effect

2. may eliminate confounding variables

24
Q

weaknesses of experiments?

A
  1. results may not apply to real-world settings
    (generalizability)
  2. the experiment may not be possible due to ethical or practical reasons
25
which ethical principle? | do good, avoid harm
beneficence and nonmaleficence
26
which ethical principle? | facilitate trust
fidelity and responsibility
27
which ethical principle? | be honest and truthful
integrity
28
which ethical principle? | be fair
justice
29
which ethical principle? | view everyone as having worth and dignity
respect for people's rights and dignity
30
IRB stands for
Institutional review board
31
Is using deception ever ethical in research?
only when other methods are not appropriate