Research Methods- Brain Scans, Twin & Adoption Studies, Correlations Flashcards
What does PET scan stand for?
Post emission tomography
How do PET scans work?
- patients having a PET brain scan are injected with FDG = a tracer substance where the radioactive atom is attached to glucose because the brain will use it up as a form of energy.
- once the tracer has been absorbed into the blood stream, a task will be given to stimulate the brain and encourage activity
- as the brain works glucose it used up and radioactive atoms start to break down, emitting positrons and gamma rays are produced
How do PET scans form an image?
A computer analyses the gamma rays and produces an image of the brain in colour, with high levels of activity shown in warmer colours e.g red, and low levels shown by cooler colours e.g blue.
How do psychologists use PET scans in research?
- used to investigate areas of the brain that aren’t functioning normally
- can detect areas of damage by indicating which parts of the brain are showing abnormal levels of activity, helping to see where problems exist and predict any issues patients may find in relation to brain activity being shown
Explain 3 strengths of using PET scans.
- High validity= data collected is objective, so there is no chance of experimenter bias, therefore is highly accurate
- High reliability= due to the standardised procedure of the brain scan, it can easily be repeated, therefore results can be compared and analysed for consistency
- Helps in early interventions= PET scans are able to predict what kind of issues patients might face in relation to the brain activity
Explain 3 weaknesses of using PET scans.
- More invasive then other techniques= require the patient to be injected with a radioactive substance and is unclear whether there are any long term effects of this method, therefore can’t have this scan too often
- PET scans can’t pinpoint exact locations of brain activity, just shows the general area, which isn’t as informative
Give a piece of research to support the use of PET brain scans
Raine et al (1997)
-used PET scans to investigate differences between the brains of murderers and non-murderers. They were able to map abnormal brain activity in the murderer’s group in areas of the brain associated with impulsivity and risk-taking behaviour, which may explain increased aggression.
What do FMRI scans stand for?
Magnetic resonance imaging
How do MRI scans work?
- your head is placed inside a very large and powerful electromagnet
- inside the magnetic field, the nuclei within the hydrogen molecules in water align themselves with the direction magnetic field.
- As neural activity increases in the brain, blood flow increases in the active areas to keep up with oxygen demand. Oxygen is carried to neurons in haemoglobin within red blood cells, which when carrying oxygen, repels a magnetic field.
How do MRI scans produce an image?
-it is the changes in the direction of the magnetic field that the scanner detects to form an image. The scanner sends the information to a computer that us able to create a map of activation to show changing levels of neural activity in different brain areas as tasks are being completed.
How do psychologists use MRI scans?
- provide insights into brain development
- used in pediatric psychology research to localise cognitive functioning and examine differences in brain structures and processes
Explain 3 strengths of using MRI scans
- Is able to map precise detail and areas of the brain, providing more information
- highly reliable= use of standardised procedures
- preffered method of choice for psychologist to use= classed as the safest and is a non invasive technique
Explain 3 weaknesses of MRI scans.
- practicality= requires patients heads to remain extremely still as any slight movement can result in distorted images
- not suitable for everyone due to the use of the high powered electric field= anyone with a pacemaker, metal surgical implants etc can’t have one of these scans
- very expensive= due to the extremely scientific machinery and process, it is expensive to run
Give a piece of supportive research for MRI scans.
Lie to al
What do CAT scans stand for?
Computer axial tomography
How do CAT scans work?
-CAT scans of the brain consist of passing X rays into the head, but multiple beams are passed around the head from at different angles at once to gather more information