Research methods and study design

Question 1

Experimental design

Answer 1

1. Select population (only apply to selected population with SAME characteristics.
2. Independent/ Dependent variable
3. Controls/Experimental groups
4. Random participants
5. Randomly assign individuals to group
6. Measure results
7. Test hypothesis

Question 2

Independent variable

Answer 2

Manipulated by researchers

Question 3

Dependent variable

Answer 3

Measured, quant! Statistics! Reproducibility.

Question 4

Operational definition

Answer 4

Specifications, precision

Question 5

Control group

Answer 5

Critical; needs to be homogeneous, not same treatment

Question 6

Placebo effect

Answer 6

Unrelated variables can make an effect. Double-blind to counter it.

Question 7

Attrition

Answer 7

Participants dropping out of study

Question 8

Randomized block techinque

Answer 8

Randomly assign individuals to group based on variables of interest to make groups similar.

Question 9

Psychometrics

Answer 9

Measure psychological variables.
a. Between-subjects
b. Within-subjects
If both are used together is called “Mixed method research”

Question 10

Between-subjects

Answer 10

Comparison both groups

Question 11

Within-subjects

Answer 11

Same group, at different time periods

Question 12

Type 1 error

Answer 12

False positives

Question 13

Type 2 error

Answer 13

False negatives

Question 14

Significant difference

Answer 14

Measured difference large enough that is not due to chance

Question 15

p value

Answer 15

from 0 to 1. Probability difference observed in experiment by chance. Lower value, stronger relationship.

Question 16

Sample size

Answer 16

Minimum 30 participants. Larger sample sizes are preffered.

Question 17

External Validity

Answer 17

flaw make it hard to apply to others

Question 18

Internal validity

Answer 18

Inherent flaw in design. When not taking considerations some variables

Question 19

Predictive validity

Answer 19

Psychometrics

Question 20

Demand characteristics

Answer 20

Participants behave the way they are expected to. Affect internal validity.

Question 21

Ethical considerations in experimental design

Answer 21

1. Disclosure given to participants
2. Debriefing

Question 22

Debriefing

Answer 22

Participants are told AFTER experiment what was done and purpose. If psychological vulnerability happened, treatment and counseling are given at the same time with debriefing.

Question 23

Correlational studies

Answer 23

Pearson correlation.
Positive- both increase or decrease
Negative: opposite effects.
No correlation: 0

Question 24

Etnographic studies

Answer 24

D[eth of analysis without interference. Studying culture, way of life.

Question 25

Twin studies

Answer 25

Nature vs nurture. Heritability

Question 26

Longitudinal studies

Answer 26

Interval measurements dependent variables over long time frames. Expensive, time/resources extensive, high attrition rate

Question 27

Cross-sectional studies

Answer 27

Data collection or survey of population or sample at specific time.

Question 28

Case studies

Answer 28

In depth exploration in an individual

Question 29

Confounding variables

Answer 29

Extraneous variables not accounted for in the study; lack of useful controls

Question 30

Lack of control group

Answer 30

Affect internal validity (design)

Question 31

Phenomenological studies

Answer 31

Researchers studying themselves. Attempt to understand own perception. Introspective details. Difficult to generalize data. Small samples sizes, could be more than 1.

Question 32

Survey

Answer 32

No accurate responses. Must be checked for consistency and accuracy,

Question 33

Archival studies

Answer 33

Already collected data

Question 34

Biographical studies

Question 35

Observational studies

Answer 35

Individuals observed and outcomes measured with no attempt to control outcome

Question 36

Extraversion

Answer 36

how energizing individuals find social interactions with others.