Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology Exam 2 > Research Methods And Statistics > Flashcards

Research Methods And Statistics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is the basic assumption behind psychological research

A

Things aren’t random. Events are governed by some lawful order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a theory

A

Must be proven wrong if not true. Ex. gravity is a scientific theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

Statement about specific relationships between variables. “If, then, because”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does it mean to be “falsifiable”

A

It is the principle that in hypothesis testing a proposition or theory cannot be considered scientific if it does not admit the possibility of being shown to be false.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What process must research go through to be published

A

Must go through peer review process. Send to 34 ppl in same field to read journals & find problems & reject it or tell them to revise it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is naturalistic observation

A

Observation of behavior without interference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a case study

A

In depth observation of one person (or case)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a survey

A

Questionnaires given to a large group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What if an experiment

A

Manipulation of variable. Effect on another variable measured, everything else controlled. Ex: Tylenol vs placebo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an independent variable

A

It is a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. Causes a change in DV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dependent variable

A

Depends on other factors. Can’t cause a change in IV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is necessary for a study to be called an experiment

A

Manipulated experimental treatment group(s) and (ideally) a control group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is random assignment

A

Helps control irrelevant variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Confound

A

Outside influence that changes the effect of a dependent and independent variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Experimenter bias

A

Researchers desires/expectations affect DV. Can be very subtle. Ex: ‘smart’ vs. ‘dumb’ rats in maze. Double blind experiment can remedy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which method is the only one that can determine causality (cause-and-effect) through its design

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What sort of things do descriptive statistics measure?

A

Organize and summarize data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does a correlation (r) measure?

A

Measures the degree to which 2 variables change together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the range of r

A

Varies from -1 to 1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Positive correlation

A

Positive means change together. Ex: height and shoe size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Zero correlation

A

Zero means no association. Ex: height and age of students in room

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Negative correlation

A

Negative means change in opposite ways. Ex: height and time you can ride in a small car.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reasons why a correlation cannot determine causation

A

Correlation does not imply causation. Experiments can determine cause and effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do inferential statistics measure

A

Used to interpret data and draw conclusions. Check for statistical significance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does p (the measure of statistical significance) measure

A

Measures percent chance. Want it to be less than p=.05

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In general, what ethical considerations must researchers take into account when conducting studies

A

IRB has to approve. Looks for unnecessary costs, participants are informed consent and allowed to quit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Difference between sensation and perception

A

Sensation is the stimulation of sense organs while perception is the brain putting it all together (selection, organization, and interpretation of sensations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Detected 50% if the time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Just Noticeable difference

A

Smallest difference detectable. The size of JND is proportional to size of initial stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Decline in sensitivity like smells and afterimages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Contrast affects

A

Detected differences are exaggerated: water(hot tub and pool), good & bad news

32
Q

Receptor cells

A

Cones and rods

33
Q

Cones

A

Color & daylight vision. Concentrated in fovea

34
Q

Rods

A

Black and white/low light vision.

35
Q

Optic disk

A

Blind spot/optic nerve connection

36
Q

Feature detectors

A

Respond selectively to lines, edges, etc.

37
Q

Special feature detector that monkeys and humans have

A

Detect faces in inanimate objects

38
Q

How do limited attention and perceptual set affect perception

A

See what you are prepared to see or see what motivated to see. Ex. B or 13 and police officers dilemma (shoot or not shoot)

39
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Start w/ stimulus, work up to brain. Detect features, combine them, recognize in brain.

40
Q

Top down processing

A

Start w/ brain, work down to Stimulus. Form hypothesis, check stimulus to see if correct.

41
Q

Which change (light or dark) is faster

A

Light adaption

42
Q

Binocular cues

A

Clues from both eyes together. Convergence, retinal disparity, different between images on each eye

43
Q

Convergence

A

Feeling of how eyes positioned

44
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Different between images in each eye.

45
Q

Relative motion/ motion parallax

A

Part of monocular cues. S

46
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Stable perceptions amid changing stimuli. Size (growing vs coming closer), shape (door changing shape vs opening), hue (car changing color vs sun blocked by cloud)

47
Q

Stimulus for hearing

A

Sound waves (vibrations of molecules traveling in air)

48
Q

What cues do we use to locate sound

A

Loudness (intensity) and timing of sounds arriving at each ear

49
Q

Stimulus for taste

A

Soluble chemical substances

50
Q

What picks up taste stimulus

A

Receptor cells found in taste buds

51
Q

What determines if we like the taste of something

A

Innate (ex: salt and sugar) vs learned (ex: learn to like beer)

52
Q

Stimulus for smell

A

Substances carried in the air

53
Q

Why do people sometimes plug their noses when drinking gross medicine

A

Taste and smell work closely together

54
Q

Why do we hear something different said by a long haired unshaven man depending on whether our eyes are open or closed?

A

Our senses work together

55
Q

Stimulus for touch

A

Mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy on the skin

56
Q

What picks up temperature on the skin

A

Free nerve endings in the skin

57
Q

What determines how much pain we feel

A

Pain receptors. Two pain pathways: fast vs slow

58
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Knowing the position of various parts of the body, receptors in joints/muscles

59
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Equilibrium/balance

60
Q

Algorithms

A

Systematic trial and error, guaranteed solution

61
Q

Insight

A

Sudden solution with no feeling of getting warmer. Ex: pine, crab, sauce (apple)

62
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts. No guaranteed solution but much faster than algorithms. Working backward and mental set

63
Q

Mental set

A

Using past solutions. If old strategy won’t work, mental set can hinder problem solving.

64
Q

Barriers to problem solving

A

Heuristics Can cause barriers. Mental set & fixation (getting stuck thinking about a problem from a single perspective ex: dot problem)

65
Q

Are people completely rational

A

We aren’t or sometimes can’t be always thoroughly rational

66
Q

Bounded rationality

A

People use simple strategies eg. heuristics because cant track all alternatives. Biased to make some decisions over others

67
Q

Availability heuristic

A

How many people do sharks kill yearly vs coconuts

68
Q

Overconfidence effect

A

People have too much confidence in own estimations. Ex: say 75% certain, actually correct about 60% of the time

69
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Selectively seek out and remember information that meets expectations. Ex: Britney Spears song

70
Q

Framing

A

Gain/loss framing. People are more conservative about losses than gains. Positive/ negative wording (ex: aid to needy vs welfare)

71
Q

Belief perseverance

A

People tend to still believe something they believed in the past, even after learning its untrue

72
Q

In what types of situations do heuristics work well

A

Less than perfect but adaptive. People are better at real world problems

73
Q

Types of questions on IQ tests

A

Block design and digit symbol

74
Q

What do scores on IQ tests mean

A

Originally for school children but now represents score compared to others on a bell curve

75
Q

Is intelligence inherited or determined by environment or both

A

Both. About 50% inheritable. Environment affects inherited potential

76
Q

What does IQ predict

A

Correlations

Psychology Exam 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions