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psychology > Research methods and key terms test > Flashcards

Research methods and key terms test Flashcards

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1
Q

Target population

A

the group you want to study

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2
Q

sampling

A

selecting a representative group from the population under study

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3
Q

sample

A

group of people who take part in the investigation

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4
Q

generalisability

A

how much we can apply the findings of the research to the target population we are interested in.

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5
Q

non directional hypotheses (two tailed)

A

there is a difference but we don’t say which way.

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6
Q

directional hypothesis (one tailed)

A

states the direction in which the results are to go.

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7
Q

random sampling

A

members of a population have an equal chance of being selected

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8
Q

systematic sampling

A

participants are selected by taking every nth person from a list

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9
Q

stratified sampling

A

a Mini reproduction of the population using ratios and randomly selected from strata’s

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10
Q

opportunity sampling

A

anyone who happens to fulfil criteria of sample at a random time and place

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11
Q

self selected sampling

A

volunteers

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12
Q

operationalisation

A

making variables physically measurable/testable

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13
Q

null hypothesis

A

there is ‘no difference’. The hypothesis states that the IV has no effect on the DV.

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14
Q

situational variables

A

these extraneous variables are related to the testing situation. e.g. noise, lighting, temp in the environment. They tend to affect the participants.

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15
Q

participant variables

A

these extraneous variables are related to individual characteristics of each participant that may impact how they respond. e.g. background differences, prior knowledge, health status, mood, anxiety, intelligence etc.

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16
Q

randomization- allocation

A

using chance to decide the order in which participants experience the experimental or control condition when a repeated measures design is used. (happens after sampling)

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17
Q

order effects

A

weakness of the repeated measures design. Refers to how the positioning of tasks influences outcome. e.g. practice, fatigue, boredom effect on second task. Balanced across conditions through counterbalancing.

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18
Q

how do you do counterbalancing?

A

used with repeated measure design and split participants into 2 groups. group 1 completes IV A then IV B. group 2 complete IV B then IV A.

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19
Q

why do you do counterbalancing?

A

to balance/distribute the order effects across both conditions

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20
Q

how do you match participants in a matched pairs design?

A

pick an important variable, pre-test participants, rank them. pair top two participants and the ones with 3rd and 4th highest score. then allocate one participant from each pair to each IV group.

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21
Q

why do you do a matched pairs design?

A

it reduces individual differences/extraneous variables in the form of participant variables

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22
Q

objective

A

no bias is possible

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23
Q

subjective

A

bias is possible

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24
Q

validity

A

how true the results are

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25
Q

ecological validity

A

degree to which an investigation represents real-life experiences

26
Q

experimenter effect

A

ways that the experimenter can accidentally influence the participant through their appearance, mannerisms, or behaviour.

27
Q

demand chracteristics

A

subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave. They can change the outcome of an experiment because participants will often alter their behaviour to conform to expectations.

28
Q

control groups

A

group which does not receive the manipulation of the independent variable and can be used for comparison with the experimental groups

29
Q

reliability

A

consistency over time/between people

30
Q

single blind technique

A

way of reducing demand characteristics whereby participants are not aware of the aims of the experiment.

31
Q

double blind technique

A

both the participant and the researcher carrying out the experiment are unaware of the aim of the experiment. Reduces investigator or experimenter bias.

32
Q

standardisation

A

means of ensuring that all participants in an investigation have the same experience.

33
Q

pilot studies

A

small scale version of an investigation that takes place before the real investigation is conducted.

34
Q

aim of pilot studies

A

aim is to check the procedures, materials, measuring scales etc. allows researchers to make changes and modifications if needed. check if participants can guess the aim. allows changes to be made before money and time is spent on the study

35
Q

verbatim

A

word for word

36
Q

two criteria which made an experiment true

A

IV is manipulated with all other variables being kept constant so you can ensure the effect that this has on the DV.

it is possible to randomly allocate participants to conditions.

37
Q

laboratory experiment

A

carried out under controlled conditions. artificial environment with tight control over variables.

38
Q

field experiment

A

carried out in a natural environment (for the participants) with the independent variable manipulated by researchers. e.g. in a school or hospital.

39
Q

quasi experiment

A

membership determined by conditions beyond the control of the experimenter (subjects already in box). focused around participants characteristics. for example, if the performance of males and females is being compared, participants can’t be randomly allocated to conditions.

40
Q

natural experiment

A

where the independent variable is naturally occurring.

41
Q

ethics

A

set of guidelines which psychologists carrying out research should follow

42
Q

primary data

A

first hand data (collected by the researcher to study their aim)

43
Q

secondary data

A

data had been collected by someone else for their aim. second hand data. researcher may use it afterwards. data may have been published in some form. e.g. government and public sector reports, websites and books.

44
Q

meta-analysis

A

combines the results from multiple studies to increase power ( over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.

45
Q

matched pairs design

A

where pairs of participants are matched on important characteristics and one member allocated to each condition of the IV.

46
Q

independent measures design

A

where each participant only takes part in one condition of the IV.

47
Q

Repeated measures design

A

where each participants take part in all conditions of the IV.

48
Q

Extraneous variables

A

variables that mess up the results (distraction)

49
Q

Confounding Variables

A

variable that you know is guilty. (what messed up the results)

50
Q

aim

A

what you want to achieve

51
Q

method

A

experiments, observations, questionnaires

52
Q

procedure

A

step by step process

53
Q

results

A

the findings- qualitative and quantitative

54
Q

conclusion

A

an interpret/ explanation of the data

55
Q

variable

A

anything that can change

56
Q

independent variable

A

the variable the researcher CHANGES

57
Q

dependent variable

A

what is MEASURED

58
Q

control

A

what is kept the same. (standardised procedures)

59
Q

cause and effect

A

advantage of experiments

60
Q

hypothesis

A

states precisely what you expect to show (includes the IV and DV in their operationalised form)

61
Q
A
62
Q
A

psychology (1 decks)

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