Research Methods Flashcards
Non Probability sampling types
Voluntary, convenience, snowball
Probability sampling types
Random, stratified , stratified random
Define volunteer sampling. Include ‘+’ and ‘-‘
Participants volunteer, not chosen. (+ quick, inexpensive, researcher tasks limited) (- highly unrep., strongly opinionated people, no control of make up)
Define Convenience sampling. Include ‘+’ and ‘-‘
Participants chosen bc they’re easily accessible to reseracher. (AKA opportunity) (+ quick, inexpensive, identifies EV) (- findings can’t be generalised to pop., biased)
Define Snowball sampling. Include ‘+’ and ‘-‘
Researchers interviews individuals of interest who provide names for other people of interest in pop. (+ cheap, easy, participants interested) (- biased, little control over make up, unlikely rep.)
Define Random sampling. Include ‘+’ and ‘-‘
Every member of the pop has an equal chance of being selected as a participant. (+ quick, less biased, rep) (- expensive, chance= bias component)
Define stratified sampling. Include ‘+’ and ‘-‘
When research requires a sample to contain same proportion of participants as found in population. (+ no bias, results applied to pop, reps) (- time consuming, expensive, requires careful planning)
Define stratified random sampling
When participants are randomly selected from a stratified group for a sample.
Define sample data
Obtained from experimental sample. Can be generalised to population if it’s representative.
Define population data
Obtained from individuals from a population but cannot be generalised to that population.
Define ethics
standards that guide individuals to identify good, desirable and acceptable conduct.
Define the ethical value: Justice
fairly recruited, not exploited and access benefits
Define the ethical value: Research merit and integrity
Well designed and soundly based
Define the ethical value: Beneficence
researcher can justify any risks/ damages
Define the ethical value: Respect
Researcher must have proper regard for welfare, customs and culture
Define Ethical right: Professional conduct
benefits must outweigh any risks ad welfare of participants must not be compromised.
Define Ethical right: Role of the experimenter
must be objective to ensure researcher has no effect on observed behaviour/ recorded results
Experimenter effect includes;
1: Treating e/c groups differently. 2: non-verbal feedback OR verbal feedback
Minimise Experimenter effect with…
- Double-blind study, Scripts/instructions, physical/emotional distance
Define Ethical right: Informed consent
participants must be made fully aware of the study in order to consent it (benefits, risks, purpose) Must be 18+/parental permission, written form and of mental sound ability.
What is Deception?
deliberately misleading/withholding information about nature of a study. Must justify if so (cause no harm or affect participating willingness)
Define Ethical right: Debrief
A post-study interview where all aspects of the study are explored, including how and why deception was used. Ensure no distress occurred.
Define Ethical right: Privacy
Right of protection from unwanted exposure and amend incorrect factual details
Define Ethical right: Anonymity
protection of identity
Define Ethical right: Confidentiality
Relationship between a professional ie. psychologist to a client. the degree of secrecy attached to info.
Define Ethical right: Voluntary Participation
participant must agree to take part on own accord free of bribery/threat
Define Ethical right: Right to withdraw
Participant must be made aware prior to study that they can leave at any given time along w/ results free of punishment/penalty
Define: Non-human rights
Observe natural and unbiased behaviour. Reduction, replacement, refinement.
Outline Milgram experiment
Experimental study. Pop= 40 males aged 20-50. Studied obedience. Administer electric shocks to learners if incorrect answer is given. Shocks intensify. 65% gave max n.o of shocks, ALL went to 300. Shocks ranged 15-450 volts
Describe repeated measures
use 1 group of people as E+C group. (+ characters identical, fewer people needed) (- order FX, can be fixed w/ counter balancing)
What is order effects?
When extraneous variables such as decrease in fatigue and repetitive practice effects participants’ performance, hence, an experiment’s results
Describe independent measures
different participants used in each condition of the IV. (+ avoids order fx) (- time consuming, more people needed)
Describe Matched groups
Match participants in each condition in terms of vital characteristics (+ avoids order fx, no counter balancing needed) (1 pt drops, another lost, time consuming as exact matches difficult to find)
What’s the Hawthorne Effect?
Participants may change behaviour if they know they’re being studied, causing EVs. Can be reduced using single-blind studies.
What’s the placebo effect?
When a participant’s belief in a treatment/substance effects their response.
Define placebo
a harmless, inactive substance that looks identical to the IV
What’s a double blind study?
Neither experimenter/participants know if placebo is given/taken.
Define reliability type: Internal consistency
Questions measuring the same
