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research methods Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two pillars of research?

A

Theoretical level-abstract in nature ( how we think and make sense of various phenomenon and the relational.interactional dynamics. )

Empirical Level - test the theoretical hypothesis to determine how well they reflect observations of reality.

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2
Q

Inductive Research

A

When researchers aim to infer theoretical concepts and patterns from observed data. ( theory building research)

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3
Q

Deductive Research

A

When the researcher aims to test concepts and pattern informed by theory using new empirical date.

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4
Q

Scientific Method - Replicability

A

If the same study is repeated by another team of researchers, the experiment should yield identical or nearly identical results as the initial study.

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5
Q

Scientific Method - Precision

A

Moving Theoretical concepts from an abstract concept to a precise and operational definition, allowing for other researchers to measure the same term in similar ways.

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6
Q

Scientific Method - Falsifiability

A

all theories much be able to be disproven or falsified. ex.. the operating mechanics of Freuds definition of unconscious cannot be proven and therefore cannot be disproven.

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7
Q

Scientific Method - Parsimony

A

In the even that the data produces mutliple explanations for the same phenomenon, researchers must always accept and prioritize the least complex and most logically economical explanation.

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8
Q

Construct

A

An abstract concept that is specifically chosen to explain a given phenomenon

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9
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Research the is directed at making careful observations and detailed documentation of an identified phenomenon. Observations are based on the scientific method.

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10
Q

Epistemology

A

Refers to our assumption about the best way to study the world

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11
Q

Exploratory Research

A

Research conducted in new areas of inquiry, where the goals of research are to 1) scope out the magnitude of a particular phenomenon, problem or behavior. 2) generate some initials ideas or hunches about the phenomenon. 3) To test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study regarding the problem

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12
Q

Ontology

A

Refers to the assumption of how we see the world ( does the world consist mostly of social order or constant change)

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13
Q

Operational Definitions

A

Used to define contructs on how they will be empirically measured.

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14
Q

Operationalization

A

The process of designing precise measures for abstract theoretical construction.

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15
Q

Sampling

A

The target population from which they wish to collect data

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16
Q

Unit of analysis

A

Refers to the person, collective group or object that is the target of the investigation

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17
Q

Variable

A

A measurable representation of a abstract concept ( ex, age, sex, income, glass grade, eye color)

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18
Q

Internal Validity

A

Also called casuality, examines whether the observed change in a dependent variable is indeed caused by a corresponding change in hypothesized independent variable and not by variables extraneous to the research content. Is the data congruent to the hypothesis and measured variables as opposed to other factors not accounted fo.

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19
Q

External Validity

A

or generalizability, refers to whether the observed associations can be generalized from the sample to the population, or to other people, organizations, contexts or time.

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20
Q

Construct Validity

A

Examines how well a given measurement scale is measuring the theoretical construct that it is expected to measure.

21
Q

Statistical Conclusion Validity

A

Examines the extent to which conclusions derived using a statistical procedure is valid.

22
Q

Experimental Studies

A

Studies that are intended to test cause -effect relationships in a tightly controlled setting by separating the cause from the effect in time. administering the cause to one group ( treatment group) and not to another group ( control group) and observing how the main effect vary between subjects in these two groups.

23
Q

Field Surveys

A

Non-experimental designs that do not control for or manipulate independent variables, but measure these variables and test their effects using statistical methods. They capture snapshots of practices, beliefs or situations from a random sample

24
Q

Secondary Data analysis

A

An analysis of data that has perviously been collected and tabulated by other sources

25
Q

Case research ( case studies)

A

An in -depth investigation of a problem in one or more real life settings over an extended period of time

26
Q

Focus group research

A

A type of research that involves bringing in a small group of subjects ( 6-10 people ) at one location and having them discuss a phenomenon of interest for a period of 1.5-2 hours

27
Q

Ethnography

A

A research design that research must be studied within the context of its native culture. Researcher is immersed in culture over an extended period of time ( 8 months to 2 years) in this time engages, observes. and records the daily life of the studied culture and theorizes about the evolution and behaviors in culture.

28
Q

Survey Research

A

A research method involving the use of standardized questionnaires or interview to collect data about people and their preferences, thoughts and behaviors.

29
Q

Interview Survey

A

more personalized form of data collection method than questionnaires and conducted by trained interviewers using the same skills.

30
Q

Qualitative analysis

A

The analysis of qualitative data such as text data from interview transcripts and heavily dependent on the researchers analytical and integrative skills and personal knowledge of the social context where the data is collected.

31
Q

Quantitative Analysis

A

Statistic driven and largely independent of the researcher.

32
Q

Grounded Theory

A

An inductive technique of interpreting recorded data about a social phenomenon to build theories about that phenomenon

33
Q

Mean

A

The simple average of all values in a given distribution.

34
Q

Median

A

The middle value within a range of values in a distribution

35
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring value in a distribution of values.

36
Q

The range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a distribution.

37
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The second measure of dispersion, corrects for each outlier by using a formula that takes into account how close or how far each value from the distribution of the mean

38
Q

Correlation

A

Any number between -1 and + 1 denotation the strength of the relationship between two variables.

39
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

also called inter-observer reliability, is a measure of consistency between two or more independent observers of the same construct.

40
Q

Test- Retest Reliability

A

A measure of consistency between two measurements of the same construct administered to the same samples at two different points in time.

41
Q

Split - Half Reliability

A

A measure of consistency between two halves of a construct measure.

42
Q

Inter consistency Reliability

A

A measure of consistency between different items of the same construct.

43
Q

Validity

A

Refers to the extent to which a measure adequately represents the underlying construct it is supposed to measure

44
Q

Ordinal Scales

A

Scales that measure rank order data, such as the ranking of student in class based on their grade point average.

45
Q

Interval Scales

A

Scales where the value is not only rank ordered but are also equidistant from adjacent attributes. ex. difference between 40-50 on a temp scale same as between 80–90

46
Q

Nominal Scales

A

measure categorical data. scales used for data that is mutually exclusive attributes ( ex gender - male vs. Female , religious affliation etc.

47
Q

Likert Scale

A

measuring ordinal data in scientific research. five or seven point rating scale. “strongly disagree” to “ strongly agree”

48
Q

Empirically-Supported Treatments ( EST)

A

manualized treatments for specific populations/disorders that have been evaluated as being effective thru controlled trials.

49
Q

Evidence based practices ( EBP’s)

A

treatments and interventions that are employed by therapists that are informed by current research findings regarding client populations or concerns that guide their clinical expertise that adapts their treatments based upon the unique contextual factors of

Research methods (1 decks)

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