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Psych comp 1 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Define researcher bias

A

The researcher ignores behaviour or invents new behaviour to produce desired results

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2
Q

Define validity

A

Whether a tool/test/study measures what’s its supposed to

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3
Q

What is a structured interview?

A

An interviewer presents participants with a standardised set of questions to answer.

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4
Q

Strengths of structured interviews

A
  • Easy to analyse
  • Standardised way to collect quantitative data - objective
  • Replicable
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5
Q

Weaknesses of structured interviews

A
  • Limited by fixed questions
  • Lacks detail
  • Can’t ask follow up/additional questions
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6
Q

What is a semi-structured interview?

A

Interviewer uses fixed and closed questions

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7
Q

Strengths of semi-structured interviews

A
  • Flexible
  • Detailed
  • Reliable
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8
Q

Define generalisability

A

Results from a study/sample can be applied to the wider target population

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9
Q

Define representativeness

A

All the features of the target population are included and reflect the characteristics of the target population

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10
Q

Different types of validity

A

Internal: face, construct, concurrent
External: ecological, population

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11
Q

Define ecological validity

A

Whether the study/test measures behaviour that is representative of real life (naturally occurring behaviour)

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12
Q

Define operationalisation

A

What is being measured and how it’s being measured

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13
Q

Define replication

A

Repeating the study in the same way each time

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14
Q

Objective data

A

Data can be interpreted in many ways, open to opinion

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15
Q

What is a controlled observation?

A

An observation that takes place in a situation that has been manipulated in a certain way

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16
Q

What is a structured observation?

A

Uses a predefined coding system to record data that clearly outlines specific behavioural categories used

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17
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Factors that may cause a result; lacks validity

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18
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

Choosing p’s who are available/willing to participate at the time

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19
Q

Hurting your participants would break…

A

Protection of participants

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20
Q

Strengths of repeated measures

A
  • No individual differences

- Less p’s are needed

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21
Q

Weaknesses of quasi experiments

A
  • Hard to control extraneous variables
  • Hard to replicate
  • Unique situations
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22
Q

Strengths of independent measures

A
  • No order effects

- Lower demand characteristics

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23
Q

Strengths of snowball sampling

A
  • Convenient

- Easy way to find p’s

24
Q

Weaknesses of participant observations

A
  • Observer bias

- Ethical issues

25
Q

Strengths of non-participant observations

A
  • High EV

- More objective

26
Q

Weaknesses of event sampling

A
  • Lack of detail
  • Observer bias
  • Reductionist due to behavioural categories
27
Q

Weaknesses of repeated measures

A
  • Order effects
  • Demand characteristics
  • Extraneous variables
28
Q

Strengths of observations

A

High EV

29
Q

Weaknesses of observations

A
  • Ethical issues

- Can’t establish cause and effect

30
Q

Weaknesses of controlled observations

A
  • Low EV

- Demand characteristics

31
Q

Debrief

A

P’s made aware of the study

32
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Takes place in p’s natural environment, without researcher interference

33
Q

Inter rater reliability

A

The extent to which different observers are able to observe/code behaviour in the same way

34
Q

Strengths of open questions

A
  • High EV

- Qualitative data

35
Q

Covert observation

A

P’s unaware they’re being observed

36
Q

Strengths of self selected sampling

A
  • Quick
  • Easy
  • Inexpensive
37
Q

Strengths of naturalistic observations

A
  • Less demand characteristics

- High EV

38
Q

Observation

A

Research method collecting data by watching people. No IV

39
Q

Coding frame

A

System for recording behaviours in an observation, using abbreviations to represent behaviour

40
Q

Weaknesses of independent measures

A
  • Individual differences

- More p’s needed

41
Q

Sharing p’s results would break…

A

Confidentiality

42
Q

Dependant variable

A

The thing being measured

43
Q

Weaknesses of unstructured observations

A
  • Important behaviours may be missed
  • Subjective
  • Low reliability
44
Q

Weaknesses of structured observations

A
  • Reductionist

- Low validity due to predetermined categories

45
Q

Things that help reliability

A

Quantitative data & standardised procedures

46
Q

Semantic differential questions

A

P’s rate their responses between an opposing pair of words

47
Q

Alternate hypothesis

A

States there will be a difference between the variables

48
Q

Right to withdraw

A

P’s can leave the study at any point

49
Q

Experimental design

A

How p’s are allocated to conditions in experiments

50
Q

Face validity

A

The extent to which a study/test looks like it measures what it says it does

51
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable being changed

52
Q

How to gain informed consent

A

Consent form

53
Q

Strengths of matched pairs designs

A
  • No order effects
  • No demand characteristics
  • Controls for individual differences
54
Q

Closed questions

A

Select a response from a choice of predetermined options

55
Q

Confounding variables

A

Uncontrollable variable that has affected the results

56
Q

Random sampling

A

Every member of the target population has an equal chance of selection

57
Q

Repeated measures

A

P’s take part in all conditions of the experiment

Psych comp 1 (1 decks)

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