Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of validity

A 
Face 
Construct 
Concurrent 
Criterion 
Population 
Ecological
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Binomial sign test

A

Repeated measures

Nominal data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chi-squared

A

Independent measures

Nominal data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mann-Whitney U

A

Independent measures

Ordinal data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alternate hypothesis

A

There WILL be a significant difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Null hypothesis

A

There WON’T be a significant difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

One-tailed hypotheses

A

Directional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two-tailed hypotheses

A

Non-directional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spearman’s Rho

A

Correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Unstructured interview

A

No pre-determined questions

✅ detailed, more comfortable

❌ time consuming, may go off topic, open to bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Closed questions

A

Restricted response

✅ easy to analyse

❌lacks detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Negative correlation

A

As one increases the other decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Response bias

A

When people chose the middle option

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Criterion validity

A

Refers to the extent the test scores can predict a future behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Construct validity

A

Whether a measure is assessing it’s underlying constructs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Population validity

A

Evaluated whether the sample represents the entire population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ecological validity

A

Evaluated whether the results of a study can be generalised to real life situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Carried out in a natural environment where you’d expect to see that behaviour occur

✅ ecological validity

❌ less control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Structured observation

A

The researcher has a behaviour checklist to tally

✅ clear direction

❌ behaviours that aren’t on the checklist don’t get recorded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Participant observation

A

Where the researcher is apart of the group that is being observed

✅ gain first hand data

❌ observer bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Non-participant observation

A

Researcher not apart of the group being observed

✅ less chance of observer bias

❌ miss certain behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Overt observation

A

P’s know they’re being observed

✅ ethical

❌ demand characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Covert observation

A

P’s don’t know they’re being observed

✅ no demand characteristics

❌ less ethical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Observer bias

A

Where they interpret the behaviour they want

❌ less likely to measure what intends to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Random sampling

A

Equal chance of being chosen

✅ unbiased

❌ time consuming, less willing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Order of a report

A 
Abstract
Introduction 
Method 
Results 
Discussion 
Bibliography/references 
Appendices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Wilcoxon’s test

A

Repeated measures

Ordinal data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Report: abstract

A 
General aims/hypothesis 
Sample
Design/procedure
Results 
Conclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Repeated measures

A

P’s complete all conditions

✅ don’t have to find double the amount of p’s, no individual differences

❌ experience order effects, demand characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Matched pairs

A

P’s from different conditions are matched

✅ avoids order effects, less chance of demand characteristics

❌individual differences, more p’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lab

A

Controlled conditions, manipulate IV

✅ easily replicated

❌ lacks ecological validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Asking p’s to nominate another person

✅ find people with rare characteristics

❌ time consuming, bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Selecting people who are readily available at the time

✅ quick, easy, cheap

❌ biased, unrepresentative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

Select themselves to participate

✅ p’s willing

❌ time consuming, unrepresentative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

When a sample is taken from one culture/area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Nominal data

A

Where data is in separate categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ordinal data

A

Data is ordered in some way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Measures of dispersion

A

How spread out the data is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measures how spread out the data is from the mean
High - very spread out from the mean
Low - close to the mean
0 - all the data values are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

% of 1 standard deviations
% of 2 standard deviations
% of 3 standard deviations

A

1 - 68%
2 - 95%
3 - 99.7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Field

A

In the field observing, manipulate IV on DV

42
Q

Quasi

A

IV not manipulated, naturally occurring

✅ no demand characteristics

❌ difficult to see cause and effect

43
Q

Structured interview

A

Pre-determined questions

✅ clear direction, easy to replicate

❌ may not ask questions as it’s focused on set questions, feel too formal

44
Q

Semi-structured interview

A

Pre-determined questions but can go off topic if necessary

✅ flexible

❌ can go off topic, time consuming

45
Q

Open questions

A

No restricted response

✅ gives reasons, detail

❌ difficult to analyse

46
Q

Likert scale

A

Indicate how much they agree/disagree with a statement

✅ easy to analyse

❌ response bias

47
Q

Correlation

A

How strongly 2 variables are related to each other

✅ strength in relationship, may suggest further research

❌ cannot assume cause and effect, don’t always get details behind data

48
Q

Independent measures

A

P’s complete 1 condition

✅ no order effects, no demand characteristics

❌ individual differences, need more p’s

49
Q

Positive correlation

A

Both co-variables increase/decrease together

50
Q

No correlation

A

They are uncorrelated

No relationship

51
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Refers to a number between +1 and -1 and states how strong a correlation is

+1 positive correlation
-1 negative correlation
Near 0 weak correlation
0 no correlation

52
Q

Social desirability bias

A

People change answer as they want to look good

53
Q

Threats to validity

A 
Observer bias 
Researcher bias
Demand characteristics 
Social desirability bias
Order effects 
Individual differences 
Response bias
54
Q

Face validity

A

Whether the study is measuring what it appears to on the surface if it

55
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Comparing the results of one measurement to another

56
Q

Unstructured observation

A

The researcher doesn’t have a pre-determined behaviour checklist

✅ not restricted

❌ lose sight of actual observation

57
Q

Controlled observation

A

In a controlled setting, researcher controls who they observe and p’s often know

✅ more control

❌ demand characteristics

58
Q

Behavioural categories

A

Where there are categories of behaviour/checklist to observe

✅ gives researcher direction

❌ restricted

59
Q

Coding frames

A

Where behavioural categories are coded and can be rated for severity

✅ contain more detail

❌ observer bias

60
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

2 or more observers observe the same behaviour, time, behaviour checklist and compare data

✅ can see if they recorded data in similar way

❌ time consuming

61
Q

Event sampling

A

Researcher recording a behaviour every time it happens

✅ less likely to miss behaviours

❌ difficult to keep track

62
Q

Time sampling

A

The observer records what the participant is doing in fixed time categories

✅ less likely to miss behaviours

❌ miss some behaviours

63
Q

Observer effects

A

When the presence of an observer in an overt observation changes the behaviour of the p’s

❌ demand characteristics

64
Q

Report: introduction

A

Background research

2 hypothesis

65
Q

Report: method

A

Design
Participants
Materials
Procedure

66
Q

Target population

A

Group you’re trying to find out about

67
Q

Interval data

A

Where units of equal measurements are used

68
Q

Variance

A

Measures how much a set of values is spread out

69
Q

Report: results

A

Descriptive statistics

Inferential statistics

70
Q

Report: discussion

A

Draw conclusions from results
Evaluate experiment
Consider modifications for future research

71
Q

Report: bibliography/ references

A

Reference from any source used

The background research from introduction

72
Q

Report: appendices

A

Relate to method and results
Materials
Consent form
Debrief

73
Q

Questionnaires

A

✅ large numbers of participants, quick

❌ low response rates, less flexible, bias

74
Q

Rating scales

A

Represent thoughts/feelings using a number

Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 a lot

✅ easy to analyse

❌ response bias

75
Q

Semantic differential scale

A

Measures a person’s attitudes towards something by putting something on a scale between 2 descriptive words

✅ easy to analyse

❌ response bias

76
Q

Harvard referencing

A

Milgram.S (1963) Behavioural Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (in italics), 67, 371-378

Name, date, title of paper, journal published in, volume number, pages

77
Q

Levels of measurement

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Internal

78
Q

Raw data

A

Raw data = primary data (collected first hand)

79
Q

Descriptive statistics

A 
Mean 
Median 
Mode 
Variance 
Standard deviation 
Range
80
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Mean
Median
Mode

81
Q

Measures of dispersion

A

Variance
Standard deviation
Range

82
Q

Graphs

A 
Bar chart - categories 
Scattergraph - correlation 
Pie chart - categories 
Line graph - compare 2 conditions 
Histogram- continuous data
83
Q

Range

A

Biggest - lowest + 1

84
Q

Standard deviation calculation

A 
Calculate mean
Subtract mean from each value 
Square each result 
Calculate squared differences (no. Of values -1)
Square root
85
Q

DAJO: own experiences

A

Observation - student behaviour in cafe, observing shopping behaviour in a mall
Experiment - picture vs words
Correlation - height vs shoe size
Self-report - anything

86
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

(Number of rows of data - 1) x (number of columns of data - 1)

87
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data in form of numbers

✅ easy to analyse, make comparisons

❌ doesn’t give context, can distort truth

88
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data in the form of words

✅ depth, less open to bias

❌ hard to analyse, open to interpretation

89
Q

Type 1 error

A

False positive

Wrongly accepted alternate instead of accepting the null

90
Q

Type 2 error

A

False negative

Wrongly accepted null instead of accepting the alternate

91
Q

Probability

A

The likelihood of an event of numbers occurs due to chance

P<0.05
5% chance
95% significant

Accept alternate

92
Q

Primary data

A

Researcher collects themselves

✅ fits needs of experiment

❌ time consuming, costs more

93
Q

Secondary data

A

Collected by somebody else

✅ saves time, saves money

❌ not be appropriate for needs of study

94
Q

Critical value

A

A critical value is a figure in a table of critical values that the answer from an inferential statistical test is compared with to check if the findings are statistically significant

95
Q

Ranking

A

Test scores would be assigned a number, using rank 1 for the lowest score, rank 2 for the next score and so on for both the maths test and the physics test (but each set of scores ranked separately to each other).

96
Q

Internal validity

A

Is the study measuring what it intends to within the study itself?

97
Q

External validity

A

The extent that the results from a study that can be generalised beyond the current study

98
Q

Independent variable

A

This is the variable/thing that the researcher wants to change (manipulate) to see what effect is has on something else.

99
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable the researcher measures.

100
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variables controlled by the researcher.

101
Q

Confounding variable

A

Any variables NOT controlled by the researcher that could ruin the results

Psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions