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Depression + Research Methods > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Strengths of Questionnaires

A

Good for large amounts of people / both qualitative and quantitative data

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2
Q

Weaknesses of questionnaires

A

Social desirability bias / ambiguity

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3
Q

Strengths of interviews

A

Unstructured are rich in data / structured are easy comparisons

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4
Q

Weaknesses of interviews

A

Interviewer bias / social desirability bias

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5
Q

Questionnaires can be..

A

Open (qualitative data) or closed (quantitative data)

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6
Q

Case studies are..

A

A rich in detail, qualitative account of one or two persons and their experiences

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7
Q

Strengths of case studies

A

Good quality data can be used to challenge theories

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8
Q

Weaknesses of case studies

A

Cannot generalise

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9
Q

Correlations are used to..

A

Look for relationships between 2 variables

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10
Q

Strengths of correlations

A

Investigate naturally occurring variables to see if they are unethical. For example smoking and lung cancer

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11
Q

Weaknesses of correlations

A

Doesn’t establish cause and effect

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12
Q

Lab experiment

A

Conducted in artificial conditions

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13
Q

Strength of lab experiment

A

High levels of control therefore high internal validity

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14
Q

Weakness of lab experiment

A

Artificial. Low ecological validity and low in mundane realism

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15
Q

Field experiment

A

Natural settings but IV is still manipulated

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16
Q

Strength of natural experiment

A

Realistic as participants are unaware

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17
Q

Natural experiment

A

Natural settings but NO manipulation

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18
Q

Strength of field experiment

A

High in ecological validity

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19
Q

Weaknesses of field experiment

A

Hard to extraneous variables therefore low internal validity

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20
Q

Weakness of natural experiment

A

Lack of randomisation therefore low internal validity

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21
Q

Controlled observations

A

Participants know they are being observed

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22
Q

Strength of controlled observation

A

More detailed info obtained than experiments

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23
Q

Weakness of controlled observation

A

Observer bias - know they’re being observed

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24
Q

Naturalistic observations

A

Examines behaviour with no interference

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25
Q

Strength of naturalistic observation

A

High ecological validity

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26
Q

Weakness of naturalistic observation

A

Poor control of extraneous variable therefore low internal validity

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27
Q

Independent groups

A

Different participants in each groups (random)

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28
Q

Strength of independent groups

A

No order effects therefore high internal validity

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29
Q

Weakness of independent groups

A

Individual differences

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30
Q

Repeated measures

A

Participants do both conditions

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31
Q

Strength of repeated measures

A

Controls individual differences

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32
Q

Weaknesses of repeated measures

A

Order effects therefore low internal validity

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33
Q

Matched pairs

A

Different people in each condition but matched on key variables

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34
Q

Strength of matched pairs

A

Controls individual differences

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35
Q

Weakness of matched pairs

A

Hard to find individuals exactly the same

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36
Q

Random sample

A

Completely random (computer generated)

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37
Q

Strength of random sample

A

Unbiased - equal chance of selection therefore high external validity

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38
Q

Weakness of random sample

A

Does not guarantee representative sample

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39
Q

Opportunity sample

A

Using people who are readily available

40
Q

Strength of opportunity sample

A

Less time consuming

41
Q

Weakness of opportunity sample

A

Biased - only small part of target population

42
Q

Volunteer sample

A

Asking people to take part, usually through advertising

43
Q

Strength of volunteer sample

A

Access to a variety of participants therefore less biased

44
Q

Weakness of volunteer sample

A

Volunteer bias as they’re more motivated

45
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

Precise, testable statement

46
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Statement of no effect

47
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

Predict effect of IV on the DV

48
Q

Non-directional hypothesis

A

State there will be an effect but won’t state direction

49
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable the experimenter manipulates

50
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is measured/effected

51
Q

Operationalisation

A

Be specific (eg time of day would say 10 o’clock)

52
Q

Pilot studies

A

Small scale. Allow researches to check standardised procedures and highlight anything that needs to be changed

53
Q

Investigator effects

A

Anything investigator does that can effect results (body language)

54
Q

Single blind design

A

Participants don’t know the aim

55
Q

Double blind design

A

Participants and investigator don’t know the aim

56
Q

Internal validity

A

Is the test measuring what it is intending to measure?

57
Q

External validity

A

Can findings be generalised

58
Q

Internal reliability

A

Test is consistent within itself

59
Q

External reliability

A

Same results achieved each time it’s repeated

60
Q

Split half

A

Two halves of test. Both of equal quality to show high internal reliability

61
Q

Ethics

A

Deception
Informed consent
Confidentiality
Protection from harm

62
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Mean, median mode

63
Q

Mean

A

Average score, add all values and divide

64
Q

Strength of mean

A

Makes use of all values

65
Q

Weakness of mean

A

Misrepresentative if there is an extreme value

66
Q

Median

A

Middle score

67
Q

Strength of median

A

Not effected by extreme scores

68
Q

Weakness of median

A

Does not consider all values

69
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring value

70
Q

Strength of mode

A

Useful when data is in categories

71
Q

Weakness of mode

A

Not useful when there are several modes

72
Q

Measures of dispersion..

A

Range

Standard deviation

73
Q

Range

A

Difference between largest and smallest values

74
Q

Standard deviation

A

Tells us the average distance from the mean

75
Q

Strength of range

A

Quick and easy to calculate

76
Q

Weakness of range

A

Affected by extreme values

77
Q

Strength of standard deviation

A

All values are considered

78
Q

Weakness of standard deviation

A

Much harder to calculate than the range

79
Q

Bar chart

A

Data in categories. Columns do not touch

80
Q

Histogram

A

Data on continuous scale. Columns touch

81
Q

Scattergram

A

Measuring relationships between two variables

82
Q

Negative correlation means..

A

As one variable increases the other decreases

83
Q

Positive correlation means..

A

They rise together

84
Q

Correlation co-efficient

A

Extent to which variables are related
Positive correlation is +1.0
Negative is -1.0

85
Q

Content analysis

A
  1. Make hypothesis
  2. Decide which sources of info to use
  3. Look for suitable categories for the info
  4. Two or more judges assign categories
  5. Count how many times info relates to category
  6. Qualitative turns into quantitative
86
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Sub groups in population are identified and participants are chosen to represent groups

87
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Start with a few then ask them to direct you to other suitable participants

88
Q

Speciesm

A

Just because we can talk does that mean we can control everything?

89
Q

Animal research is a problem because..

A

Difficult to judge pain and emotion

90
Q

House of Lords three R’s

A

Reduction (in number of animals used)
Replacement (use alternative methods if possible)
Refinement (use techniques to reduce stress)

91
Q

Basic sections of report

A
  1. Title
  2. Abstract (key info on aims, PP’s, research methods, findings)
  3. Introduction - outlining previous research
  4. Aim/hypothesis
  5. Method (detailed description of design, procedures, materials, PP’s)
  6. Results (described from raw data/inferential stats to show significance)
  7. Discussion (discussion of results and alternative suggestions for future)
  8. References
  9. Appendices
92
Q

Major features of science

A

Falsification - research should have clear hypothesis to enable testing
Objectivity - observations should be unaffected by bias
Replicability - research can be repeated
Control - seeking casual relationships
Empiricism - information gained through direct observation

93
Q

What did KUHN say about psychology being a science?

A

Psychology cannot be a science as there’s no single paradigm

94
Q

Psychology could be a science because..

A

Psychology and science share a seeking of control and development of theories

95
Q

Miller suggests that psychology is not a science because..

A

It is simply dressing up pseudoscience

96
Q

Peer review

A

Assessment of research by other experts in the field, to check for incorrect faulty data and check the validity, credibility, quality and appropriateness of research

97
Q

Problems with peer review?

A

Slow, and expensive to employ experts. Also bias as they are all experts

Depression + Research Methods (6 decks)

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