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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

a statement about the expected outcome

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2
Q

Variable

A

a measurable characteristic that can differ from one observation to another

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3
Q

Experimental / Alternative Hypothesis

A

Predicts that a difference or an expected relationship between two variables will be revealed

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4
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

States there will be no relationship between the two variables

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5
Q

Directional Hypothesis

A

States the direction of the results, also known as the one tailed hypothesis because predicts the nature of the outcome

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6
Q

Non- Directional Hypothesis

A

Direction of results is not predicted, two tailed hypothesis - direction of results not specified could go in either direction

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7
Q

Correlational Study

A

Investigation into the possible association of the two variables

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8
Q

Operationalising

A

Process of devising a way of measuring a variable

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9
Q

Internal Validity

A

If the outcome is the result of the variables that are manipulated then it is internally valid

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10
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which results can be generalised to other settings

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11
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that the researcher manipulates, assumed to have a direct effect upon the DV

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12
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is measured and is affected by IV

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13
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

Any other variable other than IV that can effect the DV

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14
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues in the environment that help the participant work out what the hypothesis is and this will effect the way they act

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15
Q

Investigator effects

A

Where the investigator themselves influences the participant into acting a certain way

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16
Q

Single Blind Technique

A

Where parts. do not know the hypothesis and which condition they are in

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17
Q

Double Blind Technique

A

Where neither the parts. or researcher knows the hypothesis or the condition they are in – use a research assistant to do this

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18
Q

Control Group

A

The group who do not receive the experiment conditions

19
Q

Lab experiment

A

Carried out in a controlled environment, IV is manipulated

20
Q

Field Experiment

A

In a natural environment, IV is manipulated

21
Q

Natural Experiment

A

Researcher takes advantage of naturally occurring difference

22
Q

Ecological Validity

A

Whether the settings, method and materials represent real life situations

23
Q

Experimental Design

A

The method of control imposed by the researcher to control participant variables

24
Q

Order / Carry Over Effects

A

If participant complete one condition first then do the second they may kinda know what’s expected of them

25
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Half parts. do condition A then B other half do condition B then A —– ABBA

26
Q

Observer Bias

A

Observer makes their own interpretation of the behaviour observed

27
Q

Participant Observation

A

Researcher has to join the group or take part in the situation

28
Q

Non-Participant Observation

A

Observations made from a distance or made from outside of the group

29
Q

Undisclosed / Covert observation

A

parts. not aware they are being observed

30
Q

Disclosed / Overt observation

A

parts. aware they are being observed

31
Q

Structured observation

A

before research, researcher determines what behaviours are to be observed

32
Q

Unstructured Observstion

A

Direct observtion to record behaviours as they happen

33
Q

Observation schedule

A

form or a grid that needs to be completed

34
Q

Inter - observer reliability

A

extent to which a data collection tool used by a group produces similar data

35
Q

Social desirability

A

tendency of humans to present themselves in the best light possible

36
Q

Idiographic

A

relating to individual cases

37
Q

Qualitative data

A

analysis that focuses more on words

38
Q

Quantitative data

A

analysis that uses numbers

39
Q

Mean

A

average

40
Q

Median

A

the middle number

41
Q

Mode

A

the most common number

42
Q

Content Analysis

A

analytical approach based on coding and quantifaction of various elements in any text

43
Q

Coding

A

procedure employed to transform raw data into format that can be used for data analysis purposes

Psychology (2 decks)

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