research methods Flashcards
what is a hypothesis
what is a one tailed hypothesis also known as
and what is it
a directional hypothesis
its a prediction that will occur in one specific direction
what is a two tailed hypothesis also known as and what is it
a non directional hypothesis
its an effect that is predicted but not specified
and has two possible outcomes
what is a null hypothesis and what is the symbol for it
it tells us when the IV will not have the predicted effect on DV.
always states no differences between conditions
H0
what is operationalized
it to phrase things to make them clear on how variables are manipulated or measured
what is the alternate/experimental hypothesis
its when it predicts the effects on the IV on the DV in a study
what’s the difference between the IV and the DV
the Iv is manipulated and the DV is measured
what are the different types of experimental designs
laboratory experiment
field experiment
quasi experiment
what is a laboratory experiment
its a highly controlled experiment that is easy for the experimenter to control the independent variable
what are the Pro’s for a laboratory experiment
- allows participants to control for the other variables
- easily replicated
- can establish cause and effect on relationships
what are the Con’s for a laboratory experiment
-it’s artificial
- it demands characteristics
- it’s difficult to generalize
what are the different types of experiments in laboratory
independent design
repeated measures design
matched pairs design
what is an independent design
its where each participant experiences only one condition
a strength for a independent design
that there is no order effect
a weakness for independent design
participants variables- the differences between peoples
what is the repeated measures design
its where each participant experiences all of the conditions
a strength for repeated measures design
the participant variables - there are fewer participants
a weakness for repeated measures design
order effects
what is order effects
it acts as a confounding variable, and can be reduced by counter balancing
what is matched pairs design
different participants in each condition but matched in an important variable
i.e. age, gender, personality, IQ
a strength for a matched pairs design
- there is no order effect
- participant variables are minimized
a weakness for repeated measures design
the number of participants- twice as many
its time consuming, and difficult to find matching
what is a field experiment
when behavior is measured in a realistic way
a strength for a field experiment
it has high ecological validity
has less demand characteristics
a weakness for field experiments
there is a lack of control
its expensive
has ethical issues
what is a quasi experiment
is conducted with a naturally occurring IQ
a researcher doesn’t control the independent variable
a strength for a quasi experiment
it allows the study the effects of the variables psychologists can’t manipulate or change
a weakness for a quasi experiment
its harder to establish a casual relationship
